Existentialism American Beauty - 1763 Words

Existentialism: American Beauty American Beauty is a movie that sets in suburban America. The story is about Lester, whom is a middle-aged writer working in a magazine company. He was having a midlife crisis where he felt lonely and numbed by continuous unchanging routine of his everyday life. In the movie, his wife portrayed as a successful real estate agent, but she was also going through her own midlife crisis in both her career and personal life. Lester’s daughter, Jane Bumham had alienated her parents and was going through puberty. They have a new neighbor who is a U.S. Marine Corps Colonel Frank Fitts, and he has a son, Ricky Fitts, who is a drug dealer. Lester was going to get fired from his company that he had worked for fourteen†¦show more content†¦Let me then address their pride. Let me speak of them of what is the most contemptible; but that is the last man† (Soloman, 73). Lester also has similar characteristics of the â€Å"last man†. Before his transformation, he even confessed that he was living a life of a â€Å"dead man†. Nietzsche saw the â€Å"last man† among the middle class and he was afraid that they would be suffocated by the dreadful office space. This greatly relates to Lester’s working environment and the suburban area where he lived. Everyday felt like yesterday, nothing changes. There is no creativity or passion in Lester’s life and Nietzsche believed that people should be pushed and encouraged to break the cycle. Lester’s transformation speaks of Nietzsche’s existentialist theme: â€Å"we philosophers and ‘free spirits’ fell, when we hear the news that ‘the old god is dead.’ As if a new dawn shone on us†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (68). The â€Å"new dawn† that Nietzsche mentions in his book have similar portrayal in the movie, which is Lester’s transformation of his new life. From a miserable and coward person, Lester changed into a new courageous and free spirited individual. He was able to confront his wife and make his own decisions without being afraid of her looking down on him: â€Å"Its a great thing when you realize you still have the ability to surprise yourself. Makes you wonder what else you can do that youve forgotten aboutShow MoreRelated Tis: A Memoir Frank McCourt Essay646 Words   |  3 PagesIrishman who has rotten teeth, bad eyes, and no high school diploma has no real chance. He finds himself in the lowest of jobs, scrubbing the lobby of a swanky hotel. I am going to discuss the mental effect poverty has on McCourt in Tis. The American way of life make Frank feel like an outsider. In Ireland, everyone was an equal and they all struggled together. However, across the water, there are girls with tanned legs and boys with broad football shoulders and pearly white teeth. Frank didRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Other Towards `` The Subject Essay1984 Words   |  8 Pagesstraight from the pages of the history books. 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In the play No Exit, Jean Paul Sartre explores this philosophy through a triad of individuals whose lives and post-death experiences reflect a range of existentialist ideas and their contradictions. The three charactersRead More Emersons Theories of Education vs Modern-day Theories Essay1874 Words   |  8 Pagesheadlines have read American students are behind other international students. In Gerald W. Bracey’s article, Are U.S. Students Behind?: American students look better in international tests than the critics woul d have us believe, and the schools have little to do with the competitiveness of economy (Bracey 1). The government is pressuring students to do better than other country counter parts for no other reason than to fulfill their own agenda. One reason why Americans believe their childrenRead More Nothing Can Be Good or Evil in Itself Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesNothing Can Be Good or Evil in Itself    Truth, beauty, and goodness are not eternal, objective realities which man discovers, but are the creative products of the human mind as it exercises its will-to-power.   In other words, man is a creator of values. (Nietzsche) So what is good and evil, but that defined by man and therefore a purely subjective concept.   Could we, society, have one without the other?   By determining what is good, we in turn determine what is evil.   How do we know whatRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1549 Words   |  7 Pagesof areas of artistic research in the early twentieth century (Barrett, 1997). In a narrow sense, modern designates only one direction in art. â€Å"Modern† (fr. Moderne - new, modern, Art Nouveau, Art Nouveau) is a stylistic direction in European and American art of the late nineteenth - early twentieth century (Barrett, 1997). The new trend has spread throughout Europe and primarily affected the architecture and decorative arts. Economic, political and social tensions in Europe increase in the firstRead MoreThe Path Of Pop Culture1883 Words   |  8 Pagesshift from figurative to abstract imagery and from material to spiritual content. These effects were common of those who lost their homes during the war†1. In Physiological terms it’s called Existentialism, this theory is based upon existence and how you see yourself within humanity. The birth of Existentialism came, after the Great Depression. It then followed again after the Second World War. This state of mind comes to life generally, when they believe human life is in no way complete and fullyRead MoreMy Own Beliefs And Values1808 Words   |  8 PagesTexas, in the United States, in the 1990s, have shaped how I see the world. The schools I have attended (Baylor University for undergraduate), the jobs I have held (yoga instructor, rock wall attendant, AmeriCorps VISTA with the Menominee Native American Tribe, etc.), my friends and their c ultural backgrounds and experiences, and the books/information I read and learn all influence my thoughts and values. In my Multicultural Counseling class I learned of Pamela A. Hays` ADDRESSING model, and howRead MoreAn Overview of Modern Philosophies of Education3464 Words   |  14 Pagesthings in art or literature according to ideal standards or patterns; -- opposed to realism. Idealism is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. In a search for truth, beauty, and justice that is enduring and everlasting, the focus is on conscious reasoning in the mind. Plato, father of Idealism, espoused this view about 400 years BC, in his famous book, The Republic. Plato believed that there are two worlds. The firstRead MoreThe s Theory Of Evolution2321 Words   |  10 Pageswork to the industrial era, the questions of society and individuality arose, bringing up theories from past figures such as Charles Darwin and his arguments on the real ancestors of humans, Immanuel Kant on enlightenment, and Jean-Paul Sartre on existentialism. With the rise of modernism and various forms of reform, the public came to question the religious truth of the Bible and looked to philosophers for answers, re-evaluating the meaning of mankind and the individuality of each person. These theories

From her arrival in 1568, Mary Stuart posed a major threat to the security of Elizabeth and her government Free Essays

Mary’s arrival in England triggered the discontent among some Catholic sympathisers to become prevalent, as Mary provided a clear leader to focus their religious dissatisfactions with the moderately Protestant settlement imposed by Elizabeth. This is why religious motivations behind some of the laity were the most dangerous threat from Mary. Political advantages from individuals supporting Mary are contributory factors to threaten Elizabeth, without the laity’s religious motivations however they cannot amount to a crucial significance. We will write a custom essay sample on From her arrival in 1568, Mary Stuart posed a major threat to the security of Elizabeth and her government or any similar topic only for you Order Now International implications from Mary’s presence were potentially huge but were never anything more than potential. All these factors revolving around Mary that threatened Elizabeth were compounded by the way Elizabeth mismanaged situations. Mary can be seen as the reaction pathway in the threat towards Elizabeth, she does not do much herself to endanger Elizabeth, however she provided the discontented with the motivation to threaten Elizabeth because she was the next Catholic heir. Those who felt discontented about Elizabeth’s moderate Protestant settlement now had a clear leader to focus their ambitions of a Catholic England. The Northern Rebellion is a prime example of this religious discontent of many of the laity being focused on releasing Mary to restore Catholicism to England (5600/6000 were individuals not tenants of the landowners who would have been forced into fighting). The reason why this is the paramount threat to Elizabeth is because of the number of people who had grievances against the religion and saw Mary Stuart as the way to gain their religion back. Tied into this is the political danger of those Nobles who also had Catholic sympathies but were also in a position to challenge Elizabeth i. e. he Duke of Norfolk who was under demands from Mary Stuart to gain her release from prison by force if needed. Mary was always going to be the main centre of Catholic plots against Elizabeth because she was the heir to the throne. Catholic dissatisfactions were already present before her arrival but were compounded and given direction with her arrival. Therefore Mary can be seen as the instigator behind the Catholic threat to Elizabeth. This is shown by the fact that until 1568 Elizabeth was relatively free from Catholic threats, however with the arrival of Mary Stuart the question of Elizabeth’s successor arisen and the Catholic plots began. Moreover with a Catholic heir to the throne available to the Catholics in England then Elizabeth’s life was under increased threat. This is because the extreme Catholics were undoubtedly prepared to kill Elizabeth, their Queen, to gain their religion. After all their route to heaven or hell was controlled by Elizabeth and if she got it wrong then they would not gain salvation. This personal threat to Elizabeth is shown by the St Bartholomew’s Day massacre, where French Catholics killed their Protestant King in the name of their religion. This threat is also emphasised by the assassination of William of Orange by Dutch Catholics. Mary behaves like a catalyst in the Catholic threat to Elizabeth, without her the plots that surrounded her would have no meaning because there is nobody to restore Catholicism for them. However as Mary was in England then repeats of what had happened in France and Spain to Protestant leaders similar to Elizabeth could also happen. Politically Mary Stuart provides an alternative for those Nobles who were not content with their position under Elizabeth. Nobles who were isolated from power under Elizabeth may see supporting Mary Stuart as a way to gain power in court or getting back positions that they had deprived under Elizabeth. Example of these nobles includes the Earl of Northumberland who under Elizabeth had his wardship of the Middlemarch deprived. This plan by Elizabeth to decrease the power of the magnates in the North had loosened the allegiance between Elizabeth and nobles such as Northumberland to such an extent that they saw taking a risk on Mary Stuart as being more advantageous than serving under Elizabeth an having their power and prestige slowly eaten away. Once again Mary has not done anything herself to threaten Elizabeth but inversely her position as heir to the throne has attracted supporters who are willing to threaten Elizabeth, therefore Mary is the main pathway for Catholic threats. Tied in with the threats from isolated Nobles were the threats from within Elizabeth’s court involving Mary Stuart, which were also very dangerous to Elizabeth. The main court intrigue was the proposed marriage between the Duke of Norfolk and Mary Stuart. This faction came to be mainly because of the fact that they wanted Elizabeth to name Mary as her heir. However this faction contained many powerful Nobles, who it seemed were plotting against Elizabeth around Mary. International threats revolving around Mary Stuart were potentially huge, especially from Spain who at that time were the major Catholic leaders in Europe. In theory it would be thought that Spain would want to support Mary Stuart onto the English throne because of her Catholicism. However because Mary Stuart was in the Guise family who controlled France and Scotland, then Spain would rather not have France effectively controlling England as well. Despite the disadvantages of Spain supporting Mary Stuart there are still examples of how Mary Stuart’s presence in England gave rise to danger to the security of Elizabeth’s throne from Spainish involvement, nor could Elizabeth ignore this potentially massive threat. For example the Ridolfi Plot which once again aimed to secure Mary’s release and position on the English throne also included military assistance from Spain, however the plot was discovered and the troops did not come. Although the military did not come form Spain, Mary Stuart’s qualities as a ruler i. e. she is Catholic, once again means that these international threats are going to see her as a means to weaken Elizabeth if not to replace her altogether. Foreign involvement centring around Elizabeth also came from France, after all Mary was half-French and therefore a clear motivation for France can be seen to control England as well. This is shown by the Throckmorton plot were the Duke of Guise was planning to lead an army to depose Elizabeth and place Mary on the throne. Although it failed it shows that Mary was the link between almost all the people who felt unhappy with Elizabeth’s reign from the English laity in the North to some of the French Catholics. She united people who felt frustrated with Elizabeth’s reign and those who saw advantages from supporting Mary. The security of Elizabeth’s throne is definitely challenged here, although it does not go ahead, it is warning of what can happen, and foreign involvement from the leading two Catholic powers in Europe, i. e. Spain and France in supporting Mary Stuart cannot be taken lightly. Elizabeth’s mismanagement of situations that may have deflated the threats aimed towards her centring around Mary Stuart made them worse. Politically Elizabeth tried to reduce the power of the magnates in the North by setting up councils. This alienated Nobles such as Northumberland from power and therefore distanced the Noble’s allegiance to Elizabeth. This is a major factor in why the Revolt of the Northern Earls took place. This would not have been such a problem if not for the fact that Mary Stuart was present in England. She gave the isolated Nobles a chance to avenge their disfavour from Elizabeth. Elizabeth can also be identified in mismanaging the religious settlement to make some Catholics discontented enough to support Mary, a French women, over their own English Queen. To drive 5400 individuals to a point where they felt they had to rebel in the Northern Rebellion must have been down to something Elizabeth did. For example Elizabeth introduced the use of the Protestant prayer Book. Therefore Elizabeth created support for Mary Stuart with her own actions. This increases Mary’s threat and shows that the security of Elizabeth’s throne was intensified by some actions taken by Elizabeth. Elizabeth also hampered the security of her own throne by not taking the opportunities to subdue the threat from Mary. This could have easily been done by naming Mary Stuart as her heir, this would have pleased a lot of people and had a lot to commend itself. Including the fact that the Catholic threat, the main threat centring around Mary, would have decreased significantly because they would have been most likely been content with knowing that the next Monarch of England was going to restore Catholicism. However instead Elizabeth hesitated and refused to make her decision by ignoring the subject. For example during the court intrigue she refused to name her heir under significant pressure from her court. Once again Elizabeth has intensified the threat orbiting around Mary, not taking the opportunities to relieve the pressure that Mary is placing on the security of Elizabeth’s throne. Mary Stuart’s threat to Elizabeth not only came from the fact that she was the Catholic heir but she did have tremendous political skill and personal magnetism. This is clear to see from the way she manipulated the Duke of Norfolk into trying to secure her release. For example before the Northern Rebellion when Mary met Norfolk and she old him to get her released by force if necessary and Norfolk undoubtedly did what he was told and was involved in a number of plots to release Mary. Cecil knew about Mary’s personal danger an tried to persuade Elizabeth to have her executed much earlier than she was, however Elizabeth refused, this is another example of how Elizabeth’s indecision over crucial matters failed to remove the danger of Mary Stuart and is clearly linked to her mismanagement of matters as shown above. Mary Stuart’s arrival in England was the instigator in many of the plots against Elizabeth. She was the turning point in the security of Elizabeth’s throne, from being relatively calm pre 1568, to continuous strain on Elizabeth’s throne after 1568. Mary herself was not the actual threat to Elizabeth, but she was the motivation for them. Most significantly religious threats orbiting around the fact that Mary was Catholic and placing Mary on the throne were paramount compared to all other motivations. Political factors were contributory to religion and international threats were conceivable but never got off the ground. However Mary’s overall threat could have been reduced by Elizabeth but of her mismanagement. Nobody troubled Elizabeth more than Mary Stuart in her reign due to the fact that she was the Catholic heir and therefore Catholics who felt religiously dissatisfied were prompted to threaten Elizabeth. How to cite From her arrival in 1568, Mary Stuart posed a major threat to the security of Elizabeth and her government, Papers

Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Language Essay Example For Students

Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Language Essay second essay Choose any two plays from the texts we have discussed this term and show how they develop a critique of the court as an institution. Many of Shakespeares plays are saturated with the political world in the light of the presentation of its ideals, effects on character and their relationships and above all, typical human nature. It reveals unconsciously Shakespeare pessimistic attitude towards the court. He considers it to be a cultural structure, which signifies that it carries stereotypes and expectations. He implicitly challenges, in almost all his plays, the conventional ideologies that are built up around the institution of the court. These are of courtesy and good relations towards other members of the court and the public domain which are controlled by respectability, diplomacy and honesty. Queen Elizabeth is said to have stated we princes are set on stage in sight and view of all the world. 1 The above ideological institution is too good to be true. Shakespeare presents use with an accurate and present portrayal of the court. Today it is considered the norm but new historicists draw attention to the fact that he dramatises disruptions in the royal court at a time, the sixteenth century, when the absolute power of the monarchy was being tested by the irresistible rise of capitalism. For example, rather than his plays which involve the court being a powerful, imaginative expression of Shakespeares comprehension of the universal and timeless human condition, the play is perceived as a outcome of Elizabethan culture, as it passed through a period of extraordinary upheavals. They dramatise the struggles of its time, whilst also reflecting society of today in the light of the court, Looking at the above characteristics of the court, I believe that the depiction of the court is built up mainly on character and the opinions of others towards that figure. I am going to concentrate on the characters in the plays Hamlet and Macbeth and consider their relation and role to the institution of the court. Shakespeare looks at motifs such as power, ambition, persuasion and loyalty which corrupt these ideals of the court. As a body they may appear a model of authority but when looking into individual characters and how they perceive the court we realise it is far from ideological. Additionally I will contemplate how politics moves the narrative and provokes context within the play. Without the support of political ties, Hamlet would not carry the extensive depth as it does. For instance, when the ghost of Old Hamlet visits Horatio and the guards, in the opening scene, Horatio remarks that once the old King had slain the old Fortinbras and, in victory, taken some of his lands. He continues that the young Fortinbras could be is gathering up an army to, possibly reclaim this land. Without this apparently unstable political situation, the ghost may not have received the same attention. In addition, the reader/audience would not have been provided with this important information about the old Kings heroic character which so sparks Hamlets admiration, which has plenty to do with Hamlets actions later on. It is interesting at the end of the play that right before he dies, Hamlet bestows the rights to the land on Fortinbras. They are both sons who have lost their fathers for political reasons: the old King killed Fortinbras father for the land, and Claudius murdered the old King for power. Political power, that is. This ending is in many ways a convoluted reflection of the events of the past. It would be wrong to say that Hamlet is not a political playthe lust for power is a driving force in it, as is the need for political control of Denmark, as King, that sets it all in motion.

The Role of Stakeholders in Community Development free essay sample

Introduction Development, be it social, economic and/or environmental, has to be understood as an inherently political process of people claiming basic rights to manage the resources their lives depend on. In principle, everyone should be involved. Managing the inherent complexity requires a process of comprehensive engagement and negotiation with a broad range of stakeholders and the conscious and strategic acknowledgement of their divergent values and interests, needs and expectations. This paper emphasizes that dialogue and negotiation among stakeholders are the vehicles through which sustainable community development projects are established, implemented and monitored. Bottom-up CD programs which emanate from the grassroots level and closely involve community members are more successful than those that are developed top-down. Who is a stakeholder? There is not much disagreement on what kind of entity a stakeholder can be. The CD process consists of donors, target beneficiaries, partner agencies, government and non-governmental organizations. Bryson (1999) defines a stakeholder as ‘any person, group or organisation that can place a claim on an organization’s attention, resources or output, or is affected by that output’, which concurs with Freemans definition that: A stakeholder in an organization is (by definition) any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives (1984). We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Stakeholders in Community Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, stakeholders are individuals or groups that may be positively or negatively affected by the project and those that can bring expertise or resources, each is of equal importance. How important are they? The importance of attending to stakeholders is emphasized in several literatures (Freeman 1984; Eade Williams, 1995; Hoff, 1998; Bryson 1999 etc. ). The authors explain that stakeholder support is needed to create and sustain winning coalitions and to ensure the long-term viability of organizations, policies, plans, and programs. Key stakeholders must be satisfied at least minimally, or public policies, organizations, communities, or even countries will fail. Stakeholder expectations and their satisfaction represent the basis against which CD efforts and activities are judged (Sautter, 1999). Satisfaction is achieved by being responsive to the needs and expectations of the stakeholders. These expectations are diverse and sometimes in conflict with each other, yet overlooking them could severely restrict CD work. Thus, the role of the stakeholder in the CD process presents obvious problems as each stakeholder carries an element of self-interest in the project, with different expectations and views on priorities. It is important to include stakeholders who represent the true diversity of the community; as Sautter (1999) states, if a project is not meeting the expectations of several interest groups, it probably should not exist at all. Stakeholder Engagement Any management activity is fundamentally a negotiation process between stakeholders that should be initiated from the start and maintained not only during the project/initiative but in the long term through appropriate organizational and institutional arrangements (Sanderson Kindon, 2004). CD projects engage people, organizations, NGOs and government and it is recognized that they have increased success if they promote stakeholder participation, coordination and cooperation and reflect consensus opinion (Kleemeier, 2000; Eguren, 2008). Newman (2008) and Eguren (2008) appreciate the fact that similar issues affect stakeholders differently. As such, managers need to constantly assess stakeholder significance in the light of individual issues, in order to guide the amount of time and resources allocated to them. Effective CD demands synchronous attention to the genuine interests of all appropriate stakeholders. Sautter (1999) emphasizes this premise and cautions that failure to retain participation of even a single primary stakeholder group could result in the failure. The idea of comprehensively identifying and accommodating stakeholder values and interests with the ultimate aim of agreeing on a common agenda toward sustainability is a complex process and requires consensus building (Weisbord Janoff, 2000). This does not simply mean realizing that multiple stakeholders have different needs and values, but to sincerely try to understand and respect their differences. Therefore, as Simpson et al. , (2003) state, successful intervention of projects depends not only on genuine stakeholder participation but strong and effective management, as well as skilled and committed staff. CD project workers need to have the ability to recognize and respond effectively to a disparate set of entities. Consulting with, educating and assessing stakeholder motivation is important so that their influence doesn’t potentially conflict with and undermine the project’s goals. Weisbord and Janoff (2000) emphasize that subjects involved in CD, particularly the CD organizations, must thus develop and use skills and capacities for productive multi-stakeholder collaboration. These should include: systematic thinking, cultural sensitivity, trust building and mutual understanding and developing process to build social capital and strong multi-stakeholder networks. Planners need to adapt to diverse communication styles, changing priorities and different values in a non-judgmental, non-threatening and non-defensive manner and recognize that there is more than one way, one theory, and one solution (Newman, 2008). Stakeholder Strategies: the Bottom-up Approach The ‘bottom-up’ approach posits a broad range of stakeholders actively engaged in development action: each stakeholder is different, with its own interests, missions, procedures, and ways of deploying power in development action. Recognizing the multiplicity of the subjects of development is, as many authors believe, especially crucial for improving bottom-up practice (Kleemeier, 2000; Sanderson Kindon, 2004; Newman, 2008). CD projects planned ‘top-down’ do not allow for participation of all stakeholders, namely community members. For example, Simpson et al. (2003) reports on their project: ‘the nature of the community’s participation was regulated by the government’s agenda for the project, rather than by the community’s own needs, and individuals outside the immediate steering committee consequently felt isolated from decision-making and ownership of the project. The failure of traditional top-down development approaches was attributed to the lack of involvement of most of the potential beneficiaries and led observers of, and participants in, CD to advocate for an approach that included as many stakeholders as possible. A shift in the approach to community developmen t (CD) has afforded more local communities the opportunity to participate in processes to articulate their expectations and to prioritize their needs (Ife, 1995). The premise behind this approach is that local people need to fully participate and contribute towards addressing their own problems in their own communities. It is only out of the community’s own efforts that a change can be realized, because they are better informed of their needs and are the best sources of the answers to these needs. This creates an enabling atmosphere for them and enables participation in the implementation and the monitoring of the development. The aim of community participation is the empowerment and capacity building of people, which allows beneficiaries of projects to choose their alternatives. Community participation in development initiatives leads to self-transformation and self-reliance, thereby ensuring sustainability of programs and projects. It is easy to conclude that supporting local bottom-up processes brings greater and faster impact regarding the development of marginalized communities compared with highly politicized and abstract top-down approaches. The relevance of bottom-up participatory approaches has increased as organisations work to scale up their impact by undertaking projects which aim to build capacity or have an emphasis on developing local advocacy (Kotaval; 2005; Sautter, 1999) . Participatory aspects that enhance CD projects have been identified by several authors. Laverack (2001) provides a useful overview of the ‘operational domains’ of community empowerment, which he states is central to CD. He highlights that without participation, community empowerment and thus development would not occur. Diamond (2004) refers to participatory development as the co-operation, mobilization of communities or involving communities in the execution of development plans. Moreover, this approach emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of people, partnerships, the sharing of power and responsibility and empowerment. It views the communities as people with potential as well as capacity to manage their own development and above all encourages involvement of all stakeholders relevant to the development process (Simpson et al, 2003). Healthy, self-reliant communities are, as Weisbord and Janoff (2000) assert, built on connections stimulated by the empowering of individuals and groups. The participatory, bottom-up approach allows: Understanding the context If all stakeholders are consulted, a thorough understanding of the context of the CD project is gained. Resources acquired through CD do not benefit all segments of the community equally, depending on gender, age etc. , and it is imperative that CD planners take into account the interplay of the society and local community gender dynamics, culture, and power structures to accommodate for this (Ward et al. , 2008). Creativity Diversity of stakeholders groups and demographics allows for more creativity to problem solving and focuses on the strengths of the group. They often contain the seeds for new solutions. Placing value on local knowledge and the context in which it has been produced provides an avenue for establishing the trust relations and collaboration that are the basis for a successful development partnership and process (Sanderson Kindon, 2004). Through designing a process which draws on the strengths of multiple approaches, each bringing with them their own advantages and constraints in these ways, the final result is likely to be much richer. Relationship and Trust Building Involving all stakeholders allows them to communicate and build beneficial relationships and trust. Social capital theory suggests that people achieve more by cooperating, thus stakeholder engagement is a major catalyst for the creation of social capacity and capital. Putnam (1993) suggests that social capital is built through the trust we develop by working together and Cox (1995) talks about the necessity of trust in order for collaboration to occur as â€Å"trust leads to cooperation†. These relationships create a learning space, particularly for polarized dialogue, and exposes and challenges the discourses and mindsets of many participants. Empowerment and Capacity Building Bottom-up approaches are more socially inclusive, build on local strengths, and promote leadership, as well as ownership and accountability, of both problems and solutions (Simpson et al. , 2003). This leads to empowerment and builds capacity which enables the community to carry out the plan in the absence of the consultant, ensuring sustainability (Laverack, 2001). Stakeholders in contest – Limitations to the Bottom-up Approach The relationship between CD projects and providers, namely NGO’s, and their donors, illustrates the way in which stakeholder’s interests can conflict and jeopardise the bottom-up process. The structures and major players operating within the development arena were traditionally formed as a top-down system. However, the transformed focus of development toward a bottom-up approach has come into tension with this top-down structure; participation from the bottom-up is difficult when projects are planned at higher levels (Simpson et al. , 2003). As the general structure of development actions has historically been established as top-down, it is no surprise that top-down notions continue to be reflected in practice. CD providers usually come under pressure to achieve the goals of their donors (who usually work according to Western business principles) and are required to maintain appropriate upward accountability. However, as Simpson et al. (2003) point out, the recipient organisations and communities may not necessarily have the same goals as the donors. Thus, those projects heavily dependent on meeting the requirements of their donors probably won’t develop good relationships with, or meet the requirements of, the communities involved, which will undermine the CD process itself. The power imbalance between â€Å"funders† and â€Å"providers† of CD projects has been identified as a significant problem as it is likely that CD planners will be pressured to implement programs out of step with local needs (Davies, 1997). More consultation with and education of donors by their recipients is required to allow donors to better understand the nature of their project and their relationships with communities (Davies, 1997). CD providers must develop the capacity and professionalism to be able to challenge their donors to construct their CD project in such a way that the interests of the recipient communities are at the forefront and have a more active role in defining their own concepts of civil society (Weisbord and Janoff, 2000). Flexibility within the project that allows incorporation of feedback from participatory evaluation needs to complement ongoing work, linking its aims nd methods to that of the original project, including deep consideration of the power relations of all those involved in the project. It is only through this openness, and an ability to challenge a program of work and integrate learning directly into practice, that stakeholder interests will be balanced effectively over the long-term. Conclusion CD is a mediation process between real and perceived conflicts of interest among stakeholders in a community. Tensions among development stakeholders exist inherently alongside the commo n desire to improve the well-being of disadvantaged people. There is a broad range of stakeholders actively engaged in development action: each stakeholder is different, with its own interests, missions, procedures, and ways of deploying power in development action, their values, interests, participation and power dynamics are critical factors in determining the outcome of CD. It is therefore vital to consider them, not just in the planning phases of projects, but through its entire course, to ensure projects remain relevant and coherent to the context in which they are being implemented (Simpson et al. 2003). However, connections and interactions among stakeholders are dynamic and inherently problematic, and must be recognized and negotiated to enable existing understandings and ways of working to be challenged and new ways to be trialed and adopted (Quarles van Ufford ,1993). Accommodating collective action through participative, bottom-up approaches acknowledges the complexity of stakeholder interactions and creates a platform for communities to develop. References Bryson, J. M. (1999). A Strategic Planning Process for Public and Non-Profit Organisations. in J. M.

My tongue will tell the anger of my heart Essay Example

My tongue will tell the anger of my heart Essay Example My tongue will tell the anger of my heart Paper My tongue will tell the anger of my heart Paper Essay Topic: The Heart Of a Woman The Taming Of the Shrew When the wedding ceremony is reported back we see that Petruchio is behaving more outrageously than Katherine ever has to give her a taste of her own medicine. All the nasty mean things Katherine used to do to other people is being done to her, so she can see how nasty it is and stop doing it.  Katherine is thought to be a dove compared to Petruchio, she has obviously met her match.  After the wedding Petruchio does not go to the wedding feast and will not allow Katherine to go either. This is the beginning of the starvation of Katherine, which makes her more willing to please Petruchio and become tamed. On the journey back to Petruchio home Grumio, a servant, is punished for an accident that was no fault of his own. While Petruchio is beating Grumio Katherine walks through mud to try and stop him. This is the first sign of compassion for another we see from Katherine. Katherine probably beat servants at home and treated them very badly but when she sees someone elses doing it she realises how bad it is and tries to stop it from happening. When Petruchio and Katherine finally reach his home Katherine is tired, cold and hungry. She would not have eaten anything all day, as she was dragged away from the wedding feast before she could eat anything. When Petruchio gets home he is very rough and complaining to the servants, showing Katherine what shrews are really like. Katherine tries to clam him down when he yells and hits servants. Even though it doesnt work once again Katherine is showing compassion for others by trying to protect them from Petruchio.  When the food is set on the table Petruchio throws it away, stating that there is something wrong with it. In this way Katherine is denied food, always for the best reasons. Once again Katherine tries to calm down him down by telling him to be content. She herself is learning to be content with what she gets while he pretends to find fault with everything. Still having not have any food all day, Petruchio take Katherine to bed, Katherine is very tired so goes to bed eagerly. But even though Katherine is exhausted Petruchio keeps lecturing her and ranting all through the night so she cant fall asleep. Petruchio is taming her like a falcon, and compares her to one my falcon . He will tame her like a falcon by depriving her for food and sleep until she accepts him as her master. He will do this by treating her badly yet pretending it is for her best interest, which ultimately it is, as when she is tamed she will be much happier. Katherine is starving and cant sleep. Though she begs Grumio for food he, acting on his masters orders, teases her and gives her none. She admits that before she has never needed to beg but I, who never knew how to entreat, nor never needed that I should entreat. When meat is out on the table Petruchio tells Hortensio, the guest, to eat all of it so Katherine cant have any.  Petruchio then shows Katherine fashionable clothes, yet will not let her have them as she is not yet a lady. When she becomes ladylike she can have all the nice clothes she wants. This is like a bribe to make her do what he wants, as otherwise she wont get the clothes she so desires. This makes Katherine angry, showing that she is still not fully tamed. Her passionate plea for fair treatment My tongue will tell the anger of my heart, or else my heart will break concealing it is ignored by the men, while Petruchio pretends she said something else and continues the conversation like she has not said anything.  On the way back to her house she finally realises what she has to do to make Petruchio happy. She agrees with him that it is night-time when in fact it Is daylight. At his command she greets and old man like he is a young child. She only does and says what Petruchio wants her to do, but Shakespeare shows she is happy and content like this. At the end of the play Katherine tells the other wives how to be a good obedient wife. Of course this is only done on Petruchio command. She tells the other woman that they are bound to serve, love and obey. The independent Katherine of earlier scenes has been taken over completely by this humble wife, and Petruchio shows his pleasure by giving her a kiss.  The change was credible, especially if the taming scenes are taken into account. We know that Katherine is speaking the truth in the final speech as she has previously said that she always speaks her mind truthfully. This means that she believes in everything she says in the final speech and she has truly changed.

5 Words Often Mistakenly Used in Place of Others

5 Words Often Mistakenly Used in Place of Others 5 Words Often Mistakenly Used in Place of Others 5 Words Often Mistakenly Used in Place of Others By Mark Nichol When writers, amateurs and professionals alike, employ words or phrases they have heard spoken but not seen written, they often mistakenly use a homophone or near homophone of the intended word. Each of the sentences below includes a word that is often used erroneously. A discussion and revision accompanies each example. 1. Given punk rock’s innate tendency to flaunt convention, the style fits the subject matter in its own roughshod sort of way. Flaunt, a verb meaning â€Å"show off,† is frequently confused for flout, a verb meaning â€Å"show disregard for†: â€Å"Given punk rock’s innate tendency to flout convention, the style fits the subject matter in its own roughshod sort of way.† 2. Others honed in on what they consider the company’s poor customer service and monopolistic tendencies. Hone means â€Å"sharpen† or â€Å"make more effective,† but what is meant here is home, as a verb meaning â€Å"proceed† or â€Å"direct attention toward†: â€Å"Others homed in on what they consider the company’s poor customer service and monopolistic tendencies.† 3. She had been the principle trial attorney for the public defender’s office. Both principle and principal derive from the Latin term princeps, meaning â€Å"prince† (the Latin word is also the origin of prince), but principle serves only as a noun, while principal, which can be a noun that refers to a key or leading person or to an amount of money, is also an adjective meaning â€Å"most important,† as in this sentence: â€Å"She had been the principal trial attorney for the public defender’s office.† 4. They were fulfilling a central tenant of the democracy envisioned by our founders. Though tenant and tenet both stem from the same Latin word, tenere, meaning â€Å"hold,† the former refers to someone who rents or leases property, while the latter, meaning â€Å"principle,† is the correct choice for this sentence: â€Å"They were fulfilling a central tenet of the democracy envisioned by our founders.† 5. Her deep-seeded resentment erupted one day in a spontaneous burst of indignation. â€Å"Deep seeded† seems to make sense in a reference to an emotion that is submerged in someone’s psyche, but there is no such idiom; the correct phrase is â€Å"deep seated†: â€Å"Her deep-seated resentment erupted one day in a spontaneous burst of indignation.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†15 Types of Documents90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Current Issues for Strategic Information Systems Report Coursework

Current Issues for Strategic Information Systems Report - Coursework Example Thus, in the absence of a strategic information system an organization cannot imagine the proper working, superior performance and greater credibility. This report discusses some of the current issues for strategic information systems in the context of a specific organization. For this report, I have chosen Greens Lime Mouldings (GLM) business. This report will present an overview of their strategic information system, its operational performance and possible issues regarding better corporate support and will also specify an improved IS/IM based strategy for business management. 1. Introduction A Strategic Information System (SIS) is an information system that allows the organizations to alter or otherwise update their business structure and/or strategy. Basically, the strategic information systems are aimed at streamlining and increasing the response time to varying or changing environmental aspects and helping it in gaining a competitive edge over other business organizations. ... In addition, the strategic information systems also allow the business organizations to establish and implement the data collection policies to support the database in optimizing marketing opportunities. Finally, synchronized information systems that are aimed at maintaining a quick response and the quality indicators. The basic purpose of implementing an SIS is to gain a competitive edge over other business organization through its participation to the organization’s tactical objectives and offering a capability to considerably improve the efficiency and performance of an organization. In addition, many researchers believe that an SIS helps business organizations gain a competitive edge and to help very much at the cost of those that cause to undergo competitive drawback (Hemmatfar et al., 2010; Rogerson & Fidler, 1994). This report discusses the use of strategic information systems in the context of a specific organization ‘Greens Lime Mouldings (GLM)’ that is a manufacturing company which produces a wide variety of small plastic products. In addition, they produce both their own standard range of plastic products which they supply to retailers, and limited production of plastic items designed on the basis of a customer’s specification. At the present, the organization desires to improve its business structure in order to improve the business performance and efficiency. In this scenario their basic goal is to implement a strategic information and management system. Raynor Bow has recently joined the management team to run the warehouse and has introduced a warehouse system resulting in greater competence in this side of the business. Business Managing Director Bob Green desires to invest more in GLM for the foreseeable future of business. They have

Hazardous Waste Contamination & Treatment Risk Assessment Geohydrology Essay

Hazardous Waste Contamination & Treatment Risk Assessment Geohydrology & Contaminant Transport - Essay Example In 1981, it was discovered by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, that the company was disposing its waste inappropriately, through pouring the waste sludge on the parking lot, while also disposing the solvents into an a drain leading to an abandoned septic system (NPL, 2013). The health department of the state then tested the wells in the vicinity of the company and found them to be contaminated with Trichloroethylene (TCE). The company then installed carbon filters on its well system and those of some neighboring homes, but later closed down in 1985, without fulfilling the requirement for the waste and toxic contaminant cleanup (NPL, 2013). b. How it was contaminated The sludge dumped by this company on the drainage system and parking lot was found to contain a hazardous contaminant called Trichloroethylene (NPL, 2013). The company found its way on the Superfund Site List in December 1982, after having dumped waste products in the form of sludge and solvent s on its site, since 1968 to 1981 (NPL, 2013). c. The contaminants of concern Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent to remove grease from any metallic components, and is also used as a component in spot removers, paint removers and also adhesives (NPL, 2013). This colorless liquid has a sweet scented smell and is inflammable, and the sweet scent is even projected when the substance is burning. Trichloroethylene as a contaminant dissolves in little water, but remains longer in ground water, especially in the water wells (NPL, 2013). However, considering that it is vaporizable, whenever it comes into the surface of soils or water, the chemical components vaporizes into the air, but it vaporizes slowly from the soil than surface waters, considering that it attaches to particles and can remain there for long. Despite the fact that it does not build-up easily in plants and animals, trichloroethylene sticks to water and soil particles, which eventually ca uses it to settle down at the lower sediment levels in a water body or a water wells (NPL, 2013). The trichloroethylene exposure can occur through breathing in air that contains the vapors of the chemical, or even through drinking or swimming in the water that is already contaminated by the chemical (NPL, 2013). It can also be contacted through using showering water that is already contaminated with the trichloroethylene chemical component, this time through breathing in the vapors and also through skin contact. The health effects of trichloroethylene on humans depends on the amount that is ether ingested or breathed in. when small amounts of trichloroethylene are breathed in, they may cause the individual to suffer from headaches, dizziness and lung irritations (NPL, 2013). However, when the amount of the trichloroethylene breathed increases, it may cause more fatal health conditions, such as unconsciousness and impaired heart functions and to the extreme, death (NPL, 2013). Additi onally, whenever trichloroethylene is breathed for long, notwithstanding that it could be in small amounts, it can easily result to the damage of the nerves, as well as the damage and impairment of the kidney and the liver (NPL, 2013). The same effects of breathing large amounts of trichloroethylene are also felt whenever large amounts of the same chemical compound is ingested through drinking, where impaired heart

Examine the key principles of utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Examine the key principles of utilitarianism Essay The theory of utilitarianism determines the rightness or wrongness of an action by its consequences. This is determined by measuring the amount of pleasure or pain brought to someone caused by an action. Utilitarianism is a teleological theory of ethics, this means that it is concerned with the outcome and the consequences, meaning that an act is not right or wrong in itself but is right or wrong depending on the outcome of said action. The main founder of this theory was Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Bentham worked to fight many things during his time such as industrialisation, mass migration and poverty. Utilitarianism is a relativist system – meaning there are no fixed rules, it is also concequentialist – this means that morality is by the consequences that directly follow an action. Utilitarianism tends to be brought down to one main rule and that is: ‘The greatest good for the greatest number’ whilst the principle of this rule is aimed to satisfy the majority, it does have its flaw is the fact that the minority still suffer. The principle of utility, as mentioned before, is: ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’ this means that if certain situations occur, advocates of utility would always choose the option that brought about the most pleasure for the most amount of people, this means that they would choose the action that brings about the better outcome, regardless as to whether or not the action may be perceived as right or wrong by society in normal circumstances due to the fact they are interested in bringing the most amount of pleasure possible. However, with this principle, comes a downside in the fact that whilst the majority may be satisfied or happy in a particular situation, there will always be a minority, regardless of how small, that are unhappy. However followers of the principle of utility may be encouraged to engage in wrong doings such as torture, whilst most would see this as an awful act, in certain circumstances, utilitarian’s may still take part in the act as it would bring about large amounts of pleasure for a large amount of people, with the minority still suffering, in this case, the person who was being tortured. The fact that utility is based on bringing about happiness this means that anyone who is an advocate of utilitarianism or follows the theory, is hedonistic, this means that they strive for pleasure and seek to avoid pain as often as possible, however what might be pleasure for some, may be pain for others. One that point, some may say that pleasure is subjective, meaning that pleasures are all different for different people, for example in a situation one may choose the option that he/she thinks will bring about a certain pleasure that they enjoy, however because they enjoy it, doesn’t me everyone will, so in actual fact even though they are trying to bring about pleasure due to their own tastes, they may not be causing any pleasure at all and may even cause some small elements of pain, due to the fact that people have different ideas on what pleasure is. Along with the point of different types of pleasure, J. S Mill stated that there are higher and lower pleasures in society, whilst he was around during the 19th century, obviously people’s views on pleasure has changed, however, Mill was thought to believe that opera and poetry were among the higher pleasures in life, whereas today, they may be seen as lower pleasures. One main question may be, ‘how does one measure pleasure?’ and in answer to that, Bentham devised the hedonic calculus, a form of calculation, designed to work out how great the pleasure or pain is that results from a particular action. There are 7 significant criteria identified by Jeremy Bentham and they are: Intensity (intense pleasure is the best), Duration (pleasure is better if it lasts longer), Certainty (pleasure that is definitely going to happen), Propinquity (pleasure that is close at hand), Fecundity (pleasure that promotes further pleasure), Purity (pleasure not mixed with pain) and Extent (pleasure that affects people). In order for an act to bring about a high amount of pleasure, it must satisfy majority of the criteria above, whilst it may be near impossible to find an act that satisfies all of the criteria, a pleasure will still be regarded as high or low, based on the amount of criteria met. Another key aspect of utilitarianism is that whilst there is act utilitarianism that focuses on the consequences regardless of the action taken place, there is also rule utilitarianism, created by J. S Mill. Rule utilitarianism the principle is applied to a selection of rules which are in turn, used to determine what to do in a particular situation. With rule utilitarianism, acts are either right or wrong regardless of what the outcome is. Rule utilitarianism can be easily compared to and agreeing with the law, in the fact that there are certain acts that are just plain wrong due to the fact that they are unlikely to bring out pleasure for a large amount of people, such as: murder or theft. With rule utilitarianism, it avoids the problem of ‘evil’ pleasures found with Bentham’s view, such as sadism. Rule utilitarianism also tends to bring about the most amount of pleasure without excluding the minority that suffer like act utilitarianism does, as rule doesn’t allow crimes against minorities that benefit the majority and allows the concept of justice. Rule utilitarianism came was devised due to the criticisms of Bentham’s act utilitarianism, in the case that act utilitarianism just follows the rules instead of trying to predict the outcomes. As well as the two already mentioned, there are more types of utilitarianism, such as: Preference utilitarianism and two-rule utilitarianism. Preference utilitarianism was devised by Peter Singer (1946-present), preference utilitarianism sought a way of decision making that took in to account the interest of the minority, unlike the previous theories. Singer stated that every individual’s preference must be taken in to account when deciding the best interests of the group and not only that, but every ones interests should be given equal value. Whilst the interests of the minority are more concerned with in this theory it still follows the fact that the right thing to do in a situation is what is best for the greatest number, however it has no reference to pleasure or pain. Preference utilitarianism has its own value that is followed, and that is: ‘The greatest amount of preference satisfaction, for the greatest amount of people’. With this theory it has advantages due to the fact that the minority do not tend to suffer as the ideology is concerned with preference satisfaction. The other utilitarianism was two-rule utilitarianism. This theory was created by R. M Hare (1919-2002) this is a theory that satisfies both act and rule utilitarianism by bringing both of their values together. In this theory, morality, based on rules and customs is acceptable for most situations, but occasionally we will need to use utilitarian thinking where we have to consider the consequences of an action. Whilst there is many different criticisms of both act and rule utilitarianism, Hare tried to bring them together with altercations to satisfy any criticisms. Those are many of the different important concepts that involve utilitarianism There are many key aspects to utilitarianism that I haven’t mentioned such as negative utilitarianism, Karl Popper (1902-1994) and motive utilitarianism, Robert Merrihew Adams (1937-present) these are all based around the main principle of utilitarianism however are not as well known as the other theories. Each of the features mentioned are key when it comes to understanding utilitarianism however, overall, I believe that the fact that everything fits in with everything else makes it a rather simple subject, on the whole, you know what the principle is and how simple it is, you know other theories that potentially challenge said theory but most of all you are given a way to measure and calculate it all. Overall I do agree with the theory of utilitarianism as life should be about pleasure and happiness, even if it is not available to you, either find it or bring it to others by an action. As a person who is an advocate of happiness and a hater of physical pain, I believe that life should continuously be one big happy moment, with that in mind, I would have to agree with the theory of utilitarianism, as its main principle is shared with my positive outlook, ‘bringing about pain for as many people as possible’. To what extent are these important concepts undermined by relevant criticisms (9) It could be argued that pleasure is subjective, meaning that pleasure is different for different people and may even link in with a social context in the fact that, what certain people find to be pleasurable may depend on social class, environment, background, social/peer groups etc , in the fact that an upper-middle class man may think of pleasure to be poetry or theatre, whereas a lower-working class man, may view pleasure as going to watch their favourite sports team and may find poetry or theatre boring, and vice versa. With that in mind we can refer back to J. S Mill’s theory of there being higher and lower pleasures, given this, it may affect the ideology of hedonism, in the fact that people all strive for happiness but with the idea to avoid pain. Another criticism is that utilitarianism as a whole can justify wrong doings in desperate times of need, such as torture, in extreme situations; it may be seen as justifiable to torture someone as long as it will bring about happiness to many people, even though such an act would usually be considered as unjustifiable and unequivocally wrong. Some critics of utilitarianism may also argue that pleasure has a negative knock on effect in the fact that pleasure for one person may cause pain to another, for example, if a job came down to two desperate people, whoever got it would be happy, the other; sad and upset. Some say that measuring pleasure was hard and therefore the hedonic calculus was created to make it easier, however it is still hard to apply and can also be impractical for quick response situations, where time is of the essence and not all of the criteria can be fully applied. The idea of utilitarianism is to predict outcomes and see how much pain/pleasure a particular action would bring; however, humans are not psychic and cannot accurately predict the future or the outcomes of an action. Linking to the point about one personas happiness comes another person’s pain, on a larger scale, whilst applying the utilitarianism principle, people are favouring the majority at the expense of the minority, whilst, in comparison they may seem more insignificant, when taking in to account the amount of people you’re helping, they are still humans that deserve happiness and avoid pain just like anyone else. Overall I do believe that there are many potential criticisms of the utilitarianism ideology however, I do not think anyone can argue against it by challenging its purpose and principle of bringing about happiness to a large amount of people, which in reality, is what most people strive for in life, as some would argue that there is no better feeling than happiness and joy.

Religion and Belief in Bless Me Ultima Essay -- Bless Me Ultima

Religion and Belief in Bless Me Ultima   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After reading the book, Bless Me Ultima, I realized the integral importance of religion and need for religion and answers to life’s questions. At first, while reading this book, I thought it was just about relationships and the meaning in them but as the plot progressed I realized the book, is more than that, it questions the structures that decide the rules, morals and values that society is composed of. There were three types of religion that I identified in the book that young Anthony chose to pursue. The first was the paganistic rituals of Ultima. Ultima came into the life of Tony at a very young age and had great influence n the child. Ultima saved the life of Lucas through Tony’s strength. Physical pain was brought unto Anthony because of Ultima's ritual, showing actual validity of the rituals themselves, that they were had tangibility. She brought torment on the Tenorio’s family (he was the antagonist in the book-the bad guy) saving Luc as though using ritualistic dolls and chants. This showed her magic was not only good but bad as well. Ultima guided Anthony through all of the mental and social torment during his early years of grade school. So in away Ultima was a guide for Tony through his early years to make sense of all of the storms in his early life, but also was an instrument of religion to base his life on. But in the end of the book Ultima ultimately dies and the strength he once found in her is destroyed. She is ...

Emotions

Collectivist countries Japan, china retreat emotions innate to relationship between the groups , Individualistic countries think emotions are not directed to them. Common emotions : anger, fear,sadness,happiness, disgust, surprise. Happiness Is confused with surprise. Love is difficult to convey In facial expression. Positive emotions (Joy and gratitude) and negative emotions (anger guilt) . Neutral state is non emotional. So if we group and -eve emotions they become your moods. Surprise can not be put in model cozy its not clear. High effect in mood structure will relate to excitement.As same high -eve effect can be related to nervousness, tense. And some hybrid emotions, contentment mixture of high +eve and low negative (serene, relaxed). So these effects color our perceptions which becomes reality and behavior. Air hostess example, Negative emotions negative mood . Negative experiences are fast to recollect. Positivist offset If zero input mostly people feel positive mood. China h as less of positive and negative emotions . Pride Is good In US but no In china. Emotions help you to make rational decisions, brain Injury people making Irrational decisions.Thinking + feeling rational decisions. Sources of emotions and moods 1. Personality : ms thong and Hartmann Sings shows different affect intensity 2. Time and day : +eve at end of week, negative at Sundays, in intra day positive mood peaks during the middle part . 3. Weather: illusory correlation : when people think two things are related whenever are not so moods are not affected by weather 4. Stress: stressful days affect moods negatively 5. Sleep: poor/reduced sleep cloud your decision and make difficult to control our emotions 6. Exercise: +eve effect 7. Social actively: 8.Age: emotional experience gets better as we age, more +eve episode and less -eve 9. Sex: women's reactions are personality based and men reactions are environment Why we see more +eve mood then negative moods 1. _eve emotion more when the y are alone 2. Reluctant to divulge -eve feeling in social situation Emotional labor: people who have to express organizational desired emotions . Air hostess Emotional dissonance : projecting something else then feelings Surface acting vs.. Deep acting (true feeling) ATE (affective events theory) : work place events causes emotional reactions +eve and – e will influence workplace attitudes and behaviors.So people who score low on emotional stability react strongly to negative events. So all these effects the COB, behaviors and workplace deviance. 1 . Emotions provide valuable insight into how workplace hassles influence employee performance 2. Employee and managers should onto ignore the emotions when they re minor as they accumulate. El is person's ability to perceive emotions in self and others,2, understand meaning of emotions, regulate emotions . Effective presidents US then failed presidents the major difference was El. Arguments in favor of El 1.Intuitive appeal: Almos t everyone agrees is good to possess social intelligence. Intuition is to detect emotions in others , control their emotions and handle social interactions. Are good in business world. 2. El predicts subject matter that high level of El means person will perform well on the Job 3. El is biologically based , people without preferential cortex have same IQ but lower CEQ Arguments against El 1. El researchers do not agree on definition : some use tests soon use self reports 2. El can't be measured: measures of El are vast 3.El is personality but with different label: El closely related to intelligence and personality it has nothing unique to offer. Emotional Regulation: individuals with higher personality trait of neurotics have more trouble to regulate the emotions . And people with low self esteem are less likely to to improve sad mood. Ignoring negative experience can lead to better regulation. Application of understanding emotions and moods 1. Selection : factor in hiring employees , especially in social interactions. Better El better performance 2. Decision Making: +eve emotions leading to rational decisions .Creativity:+I've mood leads to creativity more open in thinking 4. Motivation : +eve mood leads to +eve feedback which reinforces the +eve mood. Two groups puzzle example. Good to co worker and higher sale for selling firm 5. Leadership : leader if excited enthusiastic will covey optimism enjoyment . Help in promoting the vision to employees 6. Negotiation : so best negotiator should not feel bad about the negative emotion and develop negative perception for counter partially as that's will impair future negotiation . SO Emotions can impair negotiator performance.So arson phonies gage will be best negotiation as he will not be taken back by negative outcomes. 7. Customer service: emotional dissonance can lead to decline of Job dissatisfaction. Emotional contagion so +eve feeling of employee will be responded back +vela by customer and lead to longer shop ping. -eve feeling is also contagious 8. Job attitude: bad day at work means unpleasant evening with your spouse . People envy, anger leading to deviant behavior 10. Safety and Injury at work. : -eve mood can make you anxious, distracted and careless leading to injury. Managers use humor and token of appreciation to mitigate +eve mood Emotions Different people define emotions in different ways. Some make a distinction between emotions and feelings saying that a feeling is the response part of the emotion and that an emotion includes the situation or experience, the interpretation, the perception, and the response or feeling related to the experience of a particular situation. For the purposes of this article, I use the terms interchangeably.John D. (Jack) Mayer says, â€Å"Emotions operate on many levels. They have a physical aspect as well as a psychological aspect. Emotions bridge thought, feeling, and action – they operate in every part of a person, they affect many aspects of a person, and the person affects many aspects of the emotions.†Dr. Maurice Elias says, â€Å"Emotions are human beings’ warning systems as to what is really going on around them. Emotions are our most reliable indicators of how things are going on in our lives. Emotions help keep us on the right track by making sure that we a re led by more than the mental/ intellectual faculties of thought, perception, reason, memory.†Ã‚ · Why Bother With Emotions:Emotions control your thinking, behavior and actions. Emotions affect your physical bodies as much as your body affects your feelings and thinking. People who ignore, dismiss, repress or just ventilate their emotions, are setting themselves up for physical illness. Emotions that are not felt and released but buried within the body or in the aura can cause serious illness, including cancer, arthritis, and many types of chronic illnesses. Negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, negativity, frustration and depression cause chemical reactions in your body that are very different from the chemicals released when you feel positive emotions such as happy, content, loved, accepted. · Belief SystemsUnderlying much of our behavior is what is called a belief system. This system within us filters what we see and hear, affecting how we behave in our daily lives. T here are many other elements that affect our lives,  including past lives and the core issues we come into this life for resolution, but our belief systems in this life have a major effect on what we think and do.Your belief system affects your perceptions or how you interpret what you see, hear and feel. For example, a person raised by an angry man or woman will view people in the future with beliefs that anger is bad or that it is something to fear. Another example would be someone who is quite intelligent but who has never been encouraged or honored for their intelligence, this person might believe they are stupid. Men raised in conservative societies might have the belief that women who work outside of the home are not as good as those who do not work outside of the home.It takes a lot of work to look at yourself and identify the beliefs that are affecting your life in a negative manner. However, knowing your beliefs will give you a sound basis for emotional freedom. I do beli eve that it’s wise to deal with the belief systems before dealing with the identification and release of emotions. First things first! · Other People, Places, and Things Cannot Change How You Feel The only person who can change what you feel is you. A new relationship, a new house, a new car, a new job, these things can momentarily distract you from your feelings, but no other person, no material possession, no activity can remove, release, or change how you feel.How often do you hear people say things like â€Å"when I have enough money, I won’t be afraid anymore†, only to find there never seems to be enough money to stop being afraid. Or â€Å"when I’m in a secure relationship I won’t feel lonely any more†, and finding they are still lonely regardless of their relationship. We need to understand that we take our feelings with us wherever we go. A new dress, a new house, a new job, none of these things change how we feel. Our feelings rem ain within us until we release them. · Emotions Are Not the Only Cause of IllnessEmotions are not the only cause of illness. Little babies and young  children get ill, and not always because of their emotional issues. There are many causes of illness including emotions, but they are not the sole cause of illness.The causes of illness today are quite different from the issues causing illness 20 or 30 years ago. We are living in a world filled with chemical, metal, and atomic poisons, radiation, pollution, and pesticides in our food. We are bombarded with all types of electricity. These energies affect the physical, mental/ intellectual, energetic and emotional health of people.As we travel more, moving with ease from country to country, different types of infection causing elements are spreading around the world more easily. Infections of parasites, worms, viruses, and different types of infectious bacteria are many times greater than 20 years ago. Our water supplies are filled w ith chemicals and metals. The benefits of antibiotics have also brought with them the difficulty of the candida fungus overgrowth and other physical and emotional difficulties. The causes of illness today are different. · Two Basic Emotions In Life – Love and FearThere are only two basic emotions that we all experience, love and fear. All other emotions are variations of these two emotions. Thoughts and behavior come from either a place of love, or a place of fear. Anxiety, anger, control, sadness, depression, inadequacy, confusion, hurt, lonely, guilt, shame, these are all fear-based emotions. Emotions such as joy, happiness, caring, trust, compassion, truth, contentment, satisfaction, these are love-based emotions.There are varying degrees of intensity of both types of emotions, some being mild, others moderate, and others strong in intensity. For example, anger in a mild form can be felt as disgust or dismay, at a moderate level can be felt as offended or exasperated, an d at an intense level can be felt as rage or hate. And the emotion that always underpins anger is fear. · Physical Effects of EmotionsEmotions have a direct effect on how our bodies work. Fear-based emotions stimulate the release of one set of chemicals while love-based emotions release a different set of chemicals. If the fear-based emotions are long-term or chronic they damage the chemical systems, the immune system, the endocrine system and every other system in your body. Our immune systems weaken and many serious illnesses set in. This relationship between emotions, thinking, and the body is being called Mind/Body Medicine today. · You Cannot Control Your EmotionsYou cannot change or control your emotions. You can learn how to be with them, living peacefully with them, transmuting them (which means releasing them), and you can manage them, but you cannot control them.Think of the people who go along day after day seeming to function normally, and all of a sudden they will e xplode in anger at something that seems relatively trivial and harmless. That is one sign of someone who is trying to control or repress their emotions but their repressed emotions are leaking out.The more anyone tries to control their emotions the more they resist control, and the more frightened people eventually become at what is seen to be a â€Å"loss of emotional control†. It is a vicious circle.It’s important today to be politically correct. And that means not challenging or disagreeing with what the average person believes. It means not expressing negative emotions in public. Showing emotion in public in North American and European societies represents being â€Å"out of control† a great sign of weakness. People feel uncomfortable with those who express strong emotions. We are a society that is taught to hide our emotions, to be ashamed of them or to be afraid of them. Regardless, we are born with them and must live with them. This means learning how to know them, be with them, and release them. · The Difference Between Core Issues and EmotionsWe each come into this lifetime with at least one core issue to resolve.  Different situations will continue to present themselves in different but repeat patterns until you have dealt with the core issues in your life.A few examples of core issue are abandonment / victimization, demanding justice in all matters, living spiritually rather than materially. These are overarching issues that affect emotions completely. Many people find out about their core issues by learning to deal with their emotions. It is a gentle pathway that leads you into a deeper knowing of your core issues.

Cost of Capital

We've regarded how cyber crimes impact the performance and how we can measure the impact of cyber crimes. Case study of Amazon Inc. epresents the main and general information about the ompany, identifies its mission and objectives. We've evaluated the current situation in company's business and performance. Our case also determined and found exposures of Amazon Inc. to cyber threats. We've reviewed the strategy and performance of the company from four perspectives: financial, customer, internal, innovation learning &growth perspective. On the basis of our findings we've given specific recommendations to the company that would help to achieve its goals and maintain leadership in the market of online retail.Recommendations correspond to four perspectives we've used to review performance of the company. We are onvinced that cyber defense is an integral part of company's performance and hence the performance management. 2. Introduction 2. 1 Cybercrimes in information age Cybercrimes appe ared at the same time as the Internet. And the ways and technologies of crimes were, are and would be improving along the development of machines and technologies in the whole and in particular the Internet. Cybercrimes became the part of our world and in order to protect us from that, governments of all countries provide the laws to prevent from such things.Also there are companies, which provide the security services against cybercrimes: Cyberpath, ESET, TDI and any others. But, unfortunately, they cannot solve all the problems. The existing criminal laws in most countries should cover computer-related crimes or electronically perpetrated crimes. 2. 2 Use of informational technology in fraud The biggest cyber threat is that it may happen at any given time, it is simply impossible to find out when the new wave will hit and more importantly what type of wave will it be. Cyber threat may take different forms.Here are the most common especially for our company. The first and the least dangerous is the threat, which has not material impact on the company. As an example can be the defacing of the company's website by hackers. Second, more serious is the threat, which is haling for the financial gain. Not only have the businesses entered the digital world. The criminals have done the same as well. And nowadays it functions Just like any other business. They have their strategies, management structures, quality control and so on.For example, hackers may obtain company's earnings reports before its official release. Having that knowledge, they may use it in making the decision of buying or selling stocks of that particular company. Keeping pace with new technologies also eeds certain portion of attention. Companies' risk exposure is constantly growing as the companies invest more and more in technologies (social, mobile, cloud, etc. ). All ot those can be a threat at the end ot the day. Mobile, tor instance, put the business in danger as the organization's corporate data suddenly may be assessed from the outside.Furthermore, the employees do not always fully realize the threat they are undertaking by sending, sharing or receiving the information on their personal devices. The same goes for social media, where the personal and professional line is often erased. One way that a hacker can gain illicit access toa system is through â€Å"social engineering†. Social engineering is a term used to describe deception against other humansl . A hacker may devise a scheme to trick another person into providing a username and password.Social engineering is as simple and effective as pretending to leave the room while another is signing onto a computer, all the while peaking around the corner to get a glimpse of logon keystrokes. Social engineering does not always take place face-to-face. Clever hackers have been known to place phone calls pretending to be a corporate help desk person or other legitimate artner asking for information that could compro mise access to computing resources. Imagine how many workstations are left wide open in a building when a fire alarm goes off.How long would it take for the alarm puller to drop a floppy into your desktop computer, initiate a process and be gone? Another category of intrusion tool is known as the scanner, or sniffer. Many operating systems come with vulnerability scanners that assist administrators in finding weaknesses. Public domain and commercial products are readily available, including SARA, Nessus, O SANS Institute 2002, Author retains full rights2. These scanners can reveal service ports that are open for attack and even details about the operating system itself.We should not be naive enough to think that these are out of the reach of the bad guys. Then, password cracking entails creating plain text passwords from their cryptographic hashes. Once the plain text password is garnered, access can be had. Password cracking tools are made available to system administrators for aud iting and recovery reasons. IP3 spoofing is a technique used by hackers as a means to gain hidden, unauthorized access to a target resource. They do this by impersonating a trusted resource.Specifically, a DDoS4 attack may change address information in the IP header of a message to make the target resource think the message is coming from a recognized, friendly port. When this technique is deployed in high volume, the attack can effectively dominate the target machine's resources, causing the target machine to perform sluggishly, or stop processing altogether. In addition to password cracking, social engineering, IP spoofing techniques, hackers have many other ways to perform destructive acts in the cyber realm.They have ways to hijack legitimate sessions, intercept and re-assemble IP fragments, take advantage of buffer overflows or flood a target machine with SYN requests. It is the wide and diverse nature of vulnerability today that argues for a strong cyber security management sy stem, one that begins with comprehensive policy and applies many technologies to achieve defense in depth. 3. Is business performance management relevant today? Business performance management is scientific approach to reaching the set of relevant and time limited goals by applying the definite set of metrics to assess the ffectiveness of resource usage.An evaluation of performance management regards indicators that numerically show the outcome of business activities. There are metrics for evaluating the success of a business: financial, internal, customer, strategic and compliance. Financial metric Financial metric includes sales, profits and costs. This metric shows us if our sales decreased or increased and if decreased, we should investigate why. But more important metric is how our profits behave. If our sales go down, our profits could still increase because we decreased the rate of cost.Internal metric Internal metric provides an evaluation management working at the company. As usual, this metric is better in small companies, because managers are closely connected with the employees rather than in big corporations. Customer metric Businesses exist to serve the needs of their customers. This means that behviour and loyalty of customers, and their level of satisfaction, provide us with a good measure for business long-term health and performance. Strategic metric Companies create strategies to reach short and long-term targets.An evaluation of the strategic performance management includes the quality of execution the trategies that management tried to implement. Strategies specify actions that management expects to achieve the desired result. An evaluation considers implementation of the strategies, successful execution of the planned actions by the company and whether results comply with the goals. Compliance metric Compliance metric measures effectiveness of compliance within the organization. Management should demonstrate ability to comply with financi al reporting standards, regulations and environmental legislation.Ideally, business should not have any imposed sanctions from the authorities. As we mentioned all these metrics are important for successful existence of the company. Without business performance management the company will collapse because, for example, if the company does not know what is its profit or its customer rate, what is inside in the company and so on and so forth. Measuring and keeping track on business's performance is essential for every company. If you don't evaluate your past performance you can't make realistic sustainable plans for the future. Cost of Capital We've regarded how cyber crimes impact the performance and how we can measure the impact of cyber crimes. Case study of Amazon Inc. epresents the main and general information about the ompany, identifies its mission and objectives. We've evaluated the current situation in company's business and performance. Our case also determined and found exposures of Amazon Inc. to cyber threats. We've reviewed the strategy and performance of the company from four perspectives: financial, customer, internal, innovation learning &growth perspective. On the basis of our findings we've given specific recommendations to the company that would help to achieve its goals and maintain leadership in the market of online retail.Recommendations correspond to four perspectives we've used to review performance of the company. We are onvinced that cyber defense is an integral part of company's performance and hence the performance management. 2. Introduction 2. 1 Cybercrimes in information age Cybercrimes appe ared at the same time as the Internet. And the ways and technologies of crimes were, are and would be improving along the development of machines and technologies in the whole and in particular the Internet. Cybercrimes became the part of our world and in order to protect us from that, governments of all countries provide the laws to prevent from such things.Also there are companies, which provide the security services against cybercrimes: Cyberpath, ESET, TDI and any others. But, unfortunately, they cannot solve all the problems. The existing criminal laws in most countries should cover computer-related crimes or electronically perpetrated crimes. 2. 2 Use of informational technology in fraud The biggest cyber threat is that it may happen at any given time, it is simply impossible to find out when the new wave will hit and more importantly what type of wave will it be. Cyber threat may take different forms.Here are the most common especially for our company. The first and the least dangerous is the threat, which has not material impact on the company. As an example can be the defacing of the company's website by hackers. Second, more serious is the threat, which is haling for the financial gain. Not only have the businesses entered the digital world. The criminals have done the same as well. And nowadays it functions Just like any other business. They have their strategies, management structures, quality control and so on.For example, hackers may obtain company's earnings reports before its official release. Having that knowledge, they may use it in making the decision of buying or selling stocks of that particular company. Keeping pace with new technologies also eeds certain portion of attention. Companies' risk exposure is constantly growing as the companies invest more and more in technologies (social, mobile, cloud, etc. ). All ot those can be a threat at the end ot the day. Mobile, tor instance, put the business in danger as the organization's corporate data suddenly may be assessed from the outside.Furthermore, the employees do not always fully realize the threat they are undertaking by sending, sharing or receiving the information on their personal devices. The same goes for social media, where the personal and professional line is often erased. One way that a hacker can gain illicit access toa system is through â€Å"social engineering†. Social engineering is a term used to describe deception against other humansl . A hacker may devise a scheme to trick another person into providing a username and password.Social engineering is as simple and effective as pretending to leave the room while another is signing onto a computer, all the while peaking around the corner to get a glimpse of logon keystrokes. Social engineering does not always take place face-to-face. Clever hackers have been known to place phone calls pretending to be a corporate help desk person or other legitimate artner asking for information that could compro mise access to computing resources. Imagine how many workstations are left wide open in a building when a fire alarm goes off.How long would it take for the alarm puller to drop a floppy into your desktop computer, initiate a process and be gone? Another category of intrusion tool is known as the scanner, or sniffer. Many operating systems come with vulnerability scanners that assist administrators in finding weaknesses. Public domain and commercial products are readily available, including SARA, Nessus, O SANS Institute 2002, Author retains full rights2. These scanners can reveal service ports that are open for attack and even details about the operating system itself.We should not be naive enough to think that these are out of the reach of the bad guys. Then, password cracking entails creating plain text passwords from their cryptographic hashes. Once the plain text password is garnered, access can be had. Password cracking tools are made available to system administrators for aud iting and recovery reasons. IP3 spoofing is a technique used by hackers as a means to gain hidden, unauthorized access to a target resource. They do this by impersonating a trusted resource.Specifically, a DDoS4 attack may change address information in the IP header of a message to make the target resource think the message is coming from a recognized, friendly port. When this technique is deployed in high volume, the attack can effectively dominate the target machine's resources, causing the target machine to perform sluggishly, or stop processing altogether. In addition to password cracking, social engineering, IP spoofing techniques, hackers have many other ways to perform destructive acts in the cyber realm.They have ways to hijack legitimate sessions, intercept and re-assemble IP fragments, take advantage of buffer overflows or flood a target machine with SYN requests. It is the wide and diverse nature of vulnerability today that argues for a strong cyber security management sy stem, one that begins with comprehensive policy and applies many technologies to achieve defense in depth. 3. Is business performance management relevant today? Business performance management is scientific approach to reaching the set of relevant and time limited goals by applying the definite set of metrics to assess the ffectiveness of resource usage.An evaluation of performance management regards indicators that numerically show the outcome of business activities. There are metrics for evaluating the success of a business: financial, internal, customer, strategic and compliance. Financial metric Financial metric includes sales, profits and costs. This metric shows us if our sales decreased or increased and if decreased, we should investigate why. But more important metric is how our profits behave. If our sales go down, our profits could still increase because we decreased the rate of cost.Internal metric Internal metric provides an evaluation management working at the company. As usual, this metric is better in small companies, because managers are closely connected with the employees rather than in big corporations. Customer metric Businesses exist to serve the needs of their customers. This means that behviour and loyalty of customers, and their level of satisfaction, provide us with a good measure for business long-term health and performance. Strategic metric Companies create strategies to reach short and long-term targets.An evaluation of the strategic performance management includes the quality of execution the trategies that management tried to implement. Strategies specify actions that management expects to achieve the desired result. An evaluation considers implementation of the strategies, successful execution of the planned actions by the company and whether results comply with the goals. Compliance metric Compliance metric measures effectiveness of compliance within the organization. Management should demonstrate ability to comply with financi al reporting standards, regulations and environmental legislation.Ideally, business should not have any imposed sanctions from the authorities. As we mentioned all these metrics are important for successful existence of the company. Without business performance management the company will collapse because, for example, if the company does not know what is its profit or its customer rate, what is inside in the company and so on and so forth. Measuring and keeping track on business's performance is essential for every company. If you don't evaluate your past performance you can't make realistic sustainable plans for the future.

Social Class and Correct Answer Essays

Social Class and Correct Answer Essays Social Class and Correct Answer Paper Social Class and Correct Answer Paper * Question 1 0 out of 2 points | | | Why is ideology more effective than force as a means to maintain stratification? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ideology appeals to reason, and people naturally prefer reason over coercion. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Coercion is ineffective because it breeds hostility and nourishes rebellion. | | | | | * Question 2 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the ideology supporting the concept that a societys ruler is Gods direct representative on earth to administer justice and punish evil doers? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the divine right of kings| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the divine right of kings| | | | | * Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | What name is given to the association of wealthy and powerful nations that meets regularly to discuss global issues and determine world economic policy? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the Group of Eight| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the Group of Eight| | | | | * Question 4 2 out of 2 points | | | Mahashury is a member of the Vaishya caste. In view of this, which of the following occupations or positions does she hold in her community? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  She is a trader who brings silk and fine cloth to New Delhi to sell to the wealthy. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  She is a trader who brings silk and fine cloth to New Delhi to sell to the wealthy. | | | | | * Question 5 2 out of 2 points | | | What name describes companies that operate across many national boundaries which helps the Most Industrialized Nations maintain global dominance? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  multinational corporations| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  multinational corporations| | | | | * Question 6 2 out of 2 points | | What is the explanation of global stratification that includes core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  world system theory| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  world system theory| | | | | * Question 7 2 out of 2 points | | | Who was the American sociologist who studied race relations in the post-Civil War Sou th and characterized the entire white South as an armed camp to keep Negroes in slavery and to kill the black rebel? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  W. E. B. DuBois| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  W. E. B. DuBois| | | | * Question 8 2 out of 2 points | | | Workers in the  maquiladoras  along the United States and Mexican border make $10 a day which is only a fraction of what American workers were paid to do the same work. Why is it unlikely, however, that the Mexican workers will go on strike to demand better wages? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day. | | | | | * Question 9 2 out of 2 points | | What classification of nations contains 16 percent of the worlds population, 31 percent of the worlds land, and are concentrated in the northern hemisphere? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Most Industrialized Nations| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Most Industrialized Nations| | | | | * Question 10 0 out of 2 points | | | In Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates what is the unique status for which young boys are enslaved? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  To perform work in small places such as attics and wells. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  To serve as jockeys in camel races. | | | | | * Question 11 2 out of 2 points | | Which statement best summarizes what Karl Marx predicted regarding the differences in social classes within a society? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Workers will revolt when they overcome the class consciousness that blinds them. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Workers will revolt when they overcome the class consciousness that blinds them. | | | | | * Question 12 2 out of 2 points | | | In the three-world model, what quality distinguishes a First World nation? Answer| | | | | Selected Ans wer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  a capitalist economy| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  a capitalist economy| | | | | * Question 13 2 out of 2 points | | What is the major means by which neocolonialists maintain their superiority and control over other nations of the world? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  They manipulate trade and the debt owed by the weaker nations. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  They manipulate trade and the debt owed by the weaker nations. | | | | | * Question 14 2 out of 2 points | | | In democracies, what are the two methods used by the ruling elite to control information? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  technology and the selective release of information| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  technology and the selective release of information| | | | | Question 15 2 out of 2 points | | | Traditionally, what were the three factors on which slavery was based? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  war, debt, crime| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  war, debt, crime| | | | | * Question 16 2 out of 2 points | | | Who was the sociologist who argued that stratification applies only to societies that have at least minimal resources and can accumulate surpluses? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Gerhard Lenski| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Gerhard Lenski| | | | | * Question 17 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the lowest caste in Indias caste system? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the Dalit| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the Dalit| | | | | * Question 18 2 out of 2 points | | | In the former Soviet Union what was the major basis of stratification? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  political position within the Communist Party| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  political position within the Communist Party| | | | | * Question 19 2 out of 2 points | | | In the New World, what group did the colonists first attempt to enslave, even though this effort failed? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Native Americans| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Native Americans| | | | | * Question 20 2 out of 2 points | | What are the three most  important variables in determining ones place in the social stratification system? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  property, power, prestige| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  property, power, prestige| | | | | - * Question 1 0 out of 2 points | | | Why is ideology more effective than force as a means to maintain stratification? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ideology appeals to reason, and people naturally prefer reason over coercion. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Coercion is ineffective because it breeds hostility and nourishes rebellion. | | | | * Question 2 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the ideology supporting the concept that a societys ruler is Gods direct representative on earth to administer justice and punish evil doers? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the divine right of kings| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the divine right of kings| | | | | * Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | What name is given to the association of wealthy and powerful nations that meets regularly to discuss global issues and determine world economic policy? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the Group of Eight| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the Group of Eight| | | | * Question 4 2 out of 2 points | | | Mahashury is a member of the Vaishya caste. In view of this, which of the following occupations or positions does she hold in her community? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  She is a trader who brings silk and fine cloth to New Delhi to sell to the wealthy. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  She is a trader who brings silk and fine cloth to New Delhi to sell to the wealthy. | | | | | * Question 5 2 out of 2 points | | | What name describes companies that operate across many national boundaries which helps the Most Industrialized Nations maintain global dominance? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  multinational corporations| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  multinational corporations| | | | | * Question 6 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the explanation of global stratification that includes core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  world system theory| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  world system theory| | | | | * Question 7 2 out of 2 points | | | Who was the American sociologist who studied race relations in the post-Civil War South and characterized the entire white South as an armed camp to keep Negroes in slavery and to kill the black rebel? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  W. E. B. DuBois| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  W. E. B. DuBois| | | | | * Question 8 2 out of 2 points | | | Workers in the  maquiladoras  along the United States and Mexican border make $10 a day which is only a fraction of what American workers were paid to do the same work. Why is it unlikely, however, that the Mexican workers will go on strike to demand better wages? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Workers in other nations are eager to do the work for only a dollar or two a day. | | | | * Question 9 2 out of 2 points | | | What classification of nations contains 16 percent of the worlds population, 31 percent of the worlds land, and are concentrated in the northern hemisphere? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Most Industrialized Nations| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Most Industrialized Nations| | | | | * Question 10 0 out of 2 points | | | In Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates what is the unique status for which young boys are enslaved? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  To perform work in small places such as attics and wells. Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  To serve as jockeys in camel races. | | | | | * Question 11 2 out of 2 points | | | Which statement best summarizes what Karl Marx predicted regarding the differences in social classes within a society? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Workers will revolt when they overcome the class consciousness that blinds them. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Workers will revolt when they overcome the class consciousness that blinds them. | | | | | * Question 12 2 out of 2 points | | | In the three-world model, what quality distinguishes a First World nation? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  a capitalist economy| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  a capitalist economy| | | | | * Question 13 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the major means by which neocolonialists maintain their superiority and control over other nations of the world? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  They manipulate trade and the debt owed by the weaker nations. | Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  They manipulate trade and the debt owed by the weaker nations. | | | | | * Question 14 2 out of 2 points | | | In democracies, what are the two methods used by the ruling elite to control information? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  technology and the selective release of information| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  technology and the selective release of information| | | | | * Question 15 2 out of 2 points | | | Traditionally, what were the three factors on which slavery was based? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  war, debt, crime| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  war, debt, crime| | | | | * Question 16 2 out of 2 points | | | Who was the sociologist who argued that stratification applies only to societies that have at least minimal resources and can accumulate surpluses? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Gerhard Lenski| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Gerhard Lenski| | | | | * Question 17 2 out of 2 points | | | What is the lowest caste in Indias caste system? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the Dalit| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  the Dalit| | | | | * Question 18 2 out of 2 points | | | In the former Soviet Union what was the major basis of stratification? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  political position within the Communist Party| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  political position within the Communist Party| | | | * Question 19 2 out of 2 points | | | In the New World, what group did the colonists first attempt to enslave, even though this effort failed? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Native Americans| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Native Americans| | | | | * Question 20 2 out of 2 points | | | What are the three most  important variables in determining ones place in the social stratification syste m? Answer| | | | | Selected Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  property, power, prestige| Correct Answer:|   Ã‚  Ã‚  property, power, prestige| | | | |