Uses and Effects of Probiotics

Uses and Effects of Probiotics Tabassum Osman Baqtian   Ã‚   Probiotics:    The term probiotics is derived from a Greek word which means for life. (Judith et al., 2008). The WHO definition for probiotics is any live microorganism which wen administered in adequate amounts confers health benefit to the host (Weichselbaum, 2009). The most commonly used microorganisms for probiotics are bacteria (Judith et al., 2008). A number of studies undertaken at various levels showed that bacteria either in their killed state or their products can have anti- inflammatory or anti- infective properties (What is the evidence, 2017). The Lactobacilli are the most extensively studied class of probiotics. The lactic acid bacteria are used as probiotics in many fermentation products. They mainly play a role in enhancing immunity, maintaining the balance of the microbes in the intestine and in preventing the gastrointestinal tract from various infections (Time dependent, 2008). Probiotics can be administered orally as capsules, sachets or as tablets. The orally ingested probiotics survive the acidic conditions of the intestine and reach the human gut where they remain for a short period of time (Probiotics and health; 2009). The mechanism of probiotics is a multifactorial mechanism of action. The conventional method is a simple displacement process. The exogenously administered probiotics increase in number by multiplication. They function by the displacement of the pathogens or unwanted strains of species in the host body ( What is the evidence, 2017). A probiotic must survive the acidic conditions when orally administered to be able to function in the gut environment. Probiotics also need to possess the ability to survive and be viable in the products, during food production and storage. All probiotics which are mostly delivered in a food system, must overcome physical and chemical barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, especially acid and bile stresses, and have antagonistic activity against bacterial pathogens. ( 2014). The effects of probiotics are mostly strain specific and hence the function of probiotics cannot be generalised (Probiotics and health, 2009). A probiotic must fulfil certain safety characteristics to be beneficial to human health. Knowledge on survival of the probiotics within the GI-tract, their translocation and colonization properties, and the fate of probiotic-derived active components is important for the evaluation of possible positive and negative effects of probiotic consumption. The survival of different probiotic strains in different parts of the GI-tract varies: Some strains are rapidly killed in the stomach while others can pass through the whole gut in high numbers (Marteau et al., 1993). The current research in the field of probiotics is in the use of probiotic strains in the treatment of various diseases. The previous research in diseases like diarrhea, constipation, and bloating has shown the efficacy of probiotics in their treatment (What is the evidence, 2017). The major issue in the field of probiotics is quality assurance as the interpretation of data depends mainly on the variability in strain selection, dose, delivery vehicle, and evaluation of viability and efficacy (What is the evidence, 2017). A study showed that direct screening methods with inhibition of acid-sensitive bacteria growth could be an appropriate method for isolation of potential probiotic strains. Various biochemical, physiological, morphological and molecular tests showed that Lactobacillus sp. were dominant in the composition of probiotics as their isolates were resistant to acid and bile salts, they can be used as potentially probiotic bacteria by promoting host-specific health experiments. (2014). References: Judith A Narvhus, Jorgen Lassen, Merete Eggesbo Ragnhild Halvorsen, Siamak P Yazdankhah and Tore Midtvedt; Should long term prophylactic use of probiotics for infants and young children give cause for concern? (2008); Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease; 20: 171-176. Weichselbaum E; Probiotics and health: a review of the evidence (2009); British Nutrition Foundation Nutrition Bulletin; 34: 340-343. Maria Saarela, Gunnar Mogensen, Rangne Fonden, Jaana Ma ¨tto ¨ and Tiina Mattila-Sandholm; Probiotic bacteria: safety, functional and technological properties (2000); Journal of Biotechnology; 84: 197-215. Hsdgdhdsddssd

Freak the Mighty and “Ability” Extended Response Essay

Believing in one’s self is common, and it thrives throughout the novel, Freak the Mighty, by Rodman Philbrick, and the poem, â€Å"Ability,† by Selina E. Matis. There are several lines in the poem, â€Å"Ability,† that relate to the novel, Freak the Mighty. For example, one of the lines in the poem was, â€Å"Ability is to look at a blank page, and create a poem.† An example from Freak the Mighty that relates to that line is that Max didn’t know how to write, even when Freak gave him the empty book. However, in the end, Max ended up writing a whole book. Another line from the poem was, â€Å"For many, ability is never found, but for all, ability is within.† The way this line relates to, Freak the Mighty, is that Max was able to read and write all along, he just had to take a chance and try, and also, not be lazy. One more line from the poem, â€Å"Ability,† is, â€Å"Ability is to stare into the eyes of fear, and come out stronger because of it.† The way that this line relates to, Freak the Mighty, is that when Max’s father, Killer Kane, was choking him, Max fought back. This also shows that, â€Å"what doesn’t kill you only makes you stronger.† As one can see, throughout the novel, Freak the Mighty, by Rodman Philbrick, and the poem, â€Å"Ability,† by Selina E. Matis, they both had many similarities. Both the novel and the poem showed believing in yourself.

My Views On Evolution Of Evolution Essay - 990 Words

On a crisp, fall day, I walk along a lake shore. The lake spans quite a large distance. As I walk farther, a man I recognize as Charles Darwin sits staring. He thinks about the life he is surrounded by. The first time I looked at the place he sits, Darwin was not sitting there. It was as though he just appeared. Me: Hello, may I ask what you are doing? Darwin: Of course. I appeared for this reason: to talk to you about my ideas of evolution. Me: Can you give me a brief rundown of your theory of evolution? I know of evolution, but your definition slipped my mind. Darwin: Yes, though I would enjoy a stroll around this lake. How about when we walk along the lakeshore completely, our conversation will end? Me: That sounds wonderful. Darwin stands and we begin to walk. The slow pace allows more time for our conversation to extend. Darwin: To put it in the simplest terms, my theory of evolution begins with the considering the Origin of Species as a conclusion that each species had not been independently created, but had descended, like varieties, from other species. Nevertheless, such a conclusion, even if well founded, would be unsatisfactory, until it could be shown how the innumerable species inhabiting this world have been modified (Darwin Introduction)... At this point, I drifted my focus and Darwin lost my attention. Darwin: ...but it is preposterous to attribute to mere external condition, the structure, for instance, of the woodpecker, with its feet, tail, beak, andShow MoreRelatedEvolution Can Be Scary, Important And Intimidating1618 Words   |  7 PagesConverse over Evolution BIO 4984-001, Dr. Liu Jacob Garver The topic of evolution can be scary, important and intimidating. This was definitely the case for me, as I interviewed my grandmother. 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Steven Spielberg Free Essay Example, 1250 words

He also paints his family upbringing by one parent and his father’s figure as the main parent in Catch Me if You Can and the Indiana Jones Series. Spielburg artistic talent to paint themes that resonates with the public and with his life as a Jewish child in a white society paints Andrews Sarris criteria as an â€Å"auteur† filmmaker. Section 1: Technical Ability There is a variety of techniques that Spielburg uses in his movies to portray clearly the different perspectives and themes. The best techniques include 1. Track-in-shots- the camera physically moves in on the subject i. e. from a medium close-up to a very tighter close-up. The movement is smooth while the background is made blurry a technique he used to draw attention to a significant moment in a characters story. 2. Sideways tracking shots: This is a classic filmmaking technique on which Spielburg puts tremendous value. He does so by putting objects and other things between the camera and the main subjects to add richness of the frame. 3. Sideways tracking shot with actors approaching camera at the end: Camera tracks the actors sideways with two actors walking and talking who stop and the camera stops and then the actors moved toward the camera to a close-up with the actors talking. We will write a custom essay sample on Steven Spielberg or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now He uses this in persuasion scenes. 4. Dramatic over-the-shoulder shots: Films character over the shoulder of the protagonist using a wide lens showing the protagonist look bigger than the other character. He tries to show dominance. 5. Character approaches the camera to be framed in close up: A technique that uses foreground subjects to dominate the background. 6. Framing characters through rich foreground objects: He shoots through an abject a technique used to concentrate on the character. Spielburg uses the black and white to evoke a world war era, which impacts deeply to the story. It also allows Spielberg to use color sparingly in important scenes and to signal time shifts. Spielburg also uses black and white to highlight the duality of good and evil, while the lighting and contrast noir style brought out the force of brutality of each scene. The Girl in a Red Coat Scene emphasizes the contrasts of innocence with the brutality of the movie. Sp ielberg films the girl from a high point and excludes her from the much violence that surrounds her, a confrontation of the horror that the Jewish community is going through and the hand Schielder has in the violence at hand. Spielburg uses the red coat to signify the flag of the Jews that they waved to the allied powers for them to help them.