Film Analysis Update Essay

I have selected the film â€Å"Elizabeth: the Golden Age† because I became extremely fascinated on why of all the monarchs who have ruled England, she is the monarch that has been included in various forms of literature as well as having an era in England’s history named after her. After selecting the film for this paper, I first watched the entire movie without pausing and just noting down scenes that I considered as the most important. After that I watched the film again carefully so much so that I would pause the film once in a while in order to note down important parts of the film. My next step was to go to the Library and began to study the book â€Å"England’s Elizabeth: an Afterlife in Fame and Fantasy† by Michael Dobson and Nicola J. Watson in order to get a better understanding how authors, poets and filmmakers have depicted Queen Elizabeth I in various forms of literature and productions. The best resource materials I came across were â€Å"Behind the Mask: the Life of Queen Elizabeth I† by Jane Rush Thomas since it gave a very objective outlook on the life of Queen Elizabeth I. In the paper, the summary of the film would first be presented on the paper followed by the presentation of information from resource materials which would either support or challenge certain scenes in the movie, specifically the role of Mary Stuart in the attempted assassination of Queen Elizabeth I and the war between Spain and England. From there a comparison on the accuracy of the depiction of this chapter in the life of Queen Elizabeth I in the film will be analyzed since there were some events shown in the film that appear to contradict historical documentations.

Howard Gardner -Theory Essay

Most learning institutions generally focus education on the linguistic and mathematical intelligence. Children in pre-school are first taught to know their ABCs and to count from one to ten. Those who can recite the alphabet well are considered bright students. Learners who can do addition at an early age are placed on the honors list. It had been that intelligence is measured using IQ tests. The higher the IQ is the smarter the person is. But the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, proposed by Howard Gardner in the year 1983, states otherwise. The theory basically implies that other than linguistic and mathematical competence, there are other or multiple aspects of the learning that should be considered as intelligence also. Likewise, the theory points out that standardized IQ tests is not a sufficient measurement of smartness or dumbness of a person. Gardner’s theory stirred the psychological and educational communities. It received varied reactions. Some were impressed and readily accepted the theory as it explains the differences of each students. Yet, some raised their eyebrows and issues sprouted as questions of validity and empirical evidences of the theory may not sustain the claims of the theory. There have been a lot of debates pertaining to multiple intelligences. Several writers have also expressed their varied opinions regarding the topic. Indeed the theory   proves to be an interesting milestone in the study of human learning and cognitive sciences. It also gives a lot of insight on how education in the future would affect the different abilities of each person. The theory, which is more than 20 years old, is already accepted and even integrated in some school but at the same time still in the middle of scrutiny. Howard Gardner was born in 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His parents   were originally from N ‘rnberg, Germany. They went to the US in 1938 with their three-year old son Eric. Before Gardner was born, Eric died in a sleighing accident. These were not known to Howard during his childhood but have a fairly significant impact upon his thinking and development. He was discouraged from trying risky physical activities and was rather   encouraged to develop his creative and intellectual abilities. As he began to find out his family history, he realized that he was different from his parents and friends. For his education , he went to a preparatory school in Kingston , Pennsylvania against his parents wish to send him to Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts . After that, Gardner attended Harvard University and took up a course in history in preparation for a career in law. In Harvard he was able to study under scholars like Eric Erickson, sociologists David Riesman and cognitive psychologist Jerome Burner. Howard Gardner’s theory on multiple intelligences attempts to provide a comprehensive view of intelligence. In the psychological era where the single theory prevailed, Gardner broke away and stopped from settling with just a single factor to be held responsible for intelligence. He rejected the idea of measuring intelligence through IQ tests. According to Howard Gardner, human beings have nine different kinds of intelligence that reflect different ways of interacting with the world. Gardner developed the well-known theory of eight multiple intelligences, consisting of verbal/linguistic, musical, logical/mathematical, visual/spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist intelligences. For Gardner, a person must satisfy a range of these criteria in order to quality as a person possessing intelligence. This is a much better theory, because it does not limit itself to a single entity. Compared to a single theory of intelligence where the theorist must restrict himself into choosing one that would provide the answer to measuring a person’s knowledge and abilities, Gardner’s theory opens itself to the possibility that there could be many areas where a person could demonstrate his skills and knowledge. The advantage of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences lies in its being an â€Å"account of human cognition in its fullness†. It takes into account that man is equipped with a basic set of intelligences and that each man is unique with respect to which different components of the set of intelligences he may possess. This leads to the notion that man has the opportunity of taking advantage of his uniqueness by tailoring his education in accordance with his strengths and weaknesses. Howard Gardner introduced his theory of multiple intelligences in 1983. Multiple Intelligences is a theory about the brain that says human beings are born with a single intelligence, that cannot be changed, and is measurable by a psychologist. Gardner believes that that there is eight different intelligences in humans. Most intelligence tests only one or two intelligences, usually language and logic. Six others according to Gardner are musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. Gardner believes that everyone acquires all eight of these intelligences, and through environment, genetics, and different experiences no two people have the same make up of intelligences. Because of these differences we need to look at educating students differently. We can either overlook these differences in our students and teach them all the same way, or realize that all students have different intellectual strengths and weaknesses, and factor these differences into the way we teach our students. Unfortunately in our schools if a student has an understanding of the intelligences language, and logic, than they will have no problem passing the kind of tests that are given in school, which in turn will make them feel that they are very smart. But another student who may have weaker language, and logic intelligences but is altogether just as intelligent as the other student, will never is able to pass the tests required in our schools. And in turn these students will grow up feeling as if they are not smart, when in fact they can be extremely intelligent. Some students may have a better understanding of subjects if only they were taught to use any other of their intelligences to understand a particular subject. Students and educators need to figure out how a particular mind works, for them to better learn and understand. If a student at an early age feels that they are not as smart as the other students, it will affect them for their whole lives. They will feel differently about themselves, and school. This will also cause a low self-esteem which will hurt them, and keep them from reaching their full potential. Gardner believes that a student first needs to try to improve their language, and logic intelligences, but if they can’t they should know that they still have the ability to learn, and should try using many of their other intelligences. Basically educators and students need to realize that no two people think the same way, and need to modify the curriculum to help every student learn and understand. Gardner believes that elementary school should not be a time of strict, disciplined learning, but a time to teach the joy of learning. Young children need to learn the differences between, opinions, beliefs, and evidence, and this will carry them throughout the later education years.   I think that in our schools we have some a few programs like classes for gifted students, and classes for slower students. But when it comes down to it everyone is taught the same material in the same way, and is everyone is expected to pass the same test. I think that seeing what Gardner believes in our classrooms today would be encouraging, and wonderful. But I also think that realistically it would be very difficult to be carried out in all of our schools. But when it comes down to it we as a nation needs to realize that our children are the future of our country. Resources: Website: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/ed_mi_overview.html July 19, 2010 http://www.thelearningweb.net/chapter10/page365.html

Analysis of gene research papers

Analysis of gene research papers Source: Ledford, H. (2017, March 07). CRISPR: gene editing is just the beginning. Retrieved July 05, 2017, from http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-is-just-the-beginning-1.19510 CRISPR has signaled a new age for molecular biologists, and non-profits like Addgene are on top of it all. Addgene has become the place where scientists deposit their tools while also turning to them in search of molecular tools. CRISPR now resembles something novel for researchers all around the world: Specificity – the ability to do exactly what they want and just what they want. The CRISPR tool can be used in many ways to suit the needs of the researcher. A common technique being used it to observe the effect of a change in the genetic code (particular genes) on the cell. This allows for a deeper understanding of metabolic pathways and effects of proteins and genes. The CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR Cas9) is the enzyme which is in widespread use in laboratories. Researchers from Stanford University modified the Cas9 to just inhibit the gene, and not cutting the gene (as it would normally). The brilliancy of CRISPR is the fact that it itself has been modified and we can attach molecules that affect the epigenetics of the cell, that can be induced by specific stimuli and we can attach molecules that can even stimulate the expression of a particular gene. The ability of this tool to modify the epigenome with high specificity has massive implications as the epigenome has been linked to issues like cancer and neurological disorders. Lastly, CRISPR has had a major positive impact on the economical side of research by reducing both the time taken and cost of experiments considerably. For instance, CRISPR has enabled researchers to do what previously took a year in just a month! Article 2: Source: Larson, C. Schaffer A. (2016, October 04). New Tools for Editing the Genome Could Radically Change the Study of Human Diseases. Retrieved July 05, 2017, from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/526511/genome-editing/ Genetic editing using the CRISPR-Cas method is revolutionizing the world and has transformed the scenario of many labs throughout the world. It now provides a cheap and highly precise method of gene editing. CRISPR is a tool born from the collaboration between scientists from varied backgrounds pursuing a common goal. Recent research in China has proven the possibility of genetically edited macaques and this is a stepping stone towards â€Å"designer babies†. The introduction of ethical dilemmas due to the advent of this technology is an inevitable repercussion of any powerful tool. However, the success of the aforementioned experiment seeks to showcase the importance of primate models in research. Primate models have also been useful in understanding genetic diseases and mutations and CRISPR now allows researchers to identify these mutations and find gene therapies to it. Article 3: Source: Kiefer, J., Yin, H. H., Que, Q. Q., Mousses, S. (2009). High-throughput siRNA screening as a method of perturbation of biological systems and identification of targeted pathways coupled with compound screening. Retrieved July 05, 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19597791 There are two ways to screen cells containing the CRISPR Cas9 nucleases that knockout specific genes: pooled format and arrayed format. In arrayed screening, the cells and other molecules are arranged in multi well plates (96 wells, 384 wells, or 1536 wells) and the cells that are placed in each of the wells are transfected or virally transduced individually (on a well to well basis). The wells are imaged and then the readout is based upon measurements of those images based on different parameters. In the pooled format, the reagents are synthesized in a pool and are then virally transduced into the cell. Viral transduction ensures that generally only one change to the cell occurs and the integration of the virus can be read through polymerase chain reactions and next-generation screening. The readout of the experiment is based on the abundance of the integrated transgene between samples (in positive selection groups, control groups, and negative selection groups). Article 4: Source: Phillips, T. (2016, October 14). What Is siRNA and How Is It Used to Attack Protein Cells in the Body? Retrieved July 05, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-sirna-and-how-is-it-used-375598 RNA interference (RNAi) is the usage of small interfering RNA (siRNA) that bind to the messenger RNA (mRNA) for specific proteins and cause their degradation hence inhibiting protein synthesis. The siRNA uses a combination of endonuclease and exonuclease enzymes to bring about the degradation of the mRNA. The problem with siRNA is that it can be rejected by the cell and may trigger immune responses. Also, RNAi is known to give false hits and can have an impact on multiple metabolic pathways/mRNAs and cause an unspecific, unwanted, and unknown knockout. However, this method is still very useful in stabilizing serums, enhancing the activity of cells and is also being used in designing therapies for genetic diseases. Article 5: Source: Tan, J., Martin, S. E. (2016, December 28). Validation of Synthetic CRISPR Reagents as a Tool for Arrayed Functional Genomic Screening. Retrieved July 05, 2017, from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0168968 The research conducted by Tan, J. and Martin, S. E. proves that the viral transfection based CRISPR Cas9 method can be used in the arrayed format by comparing the results of various different techniques and finding conclusive evidence that the results obtained from the arrayed format screening of the cells is similar to that obtained from using the pooled format and RNAi method. They tested their results based on the assay for aberrant DNA replication. Their findings show that the majority of the transfected cells showed a change in phenotype within 72 hours and also that high throughput gene editing and screening of the cells produced data (known DNA replication regulators ) that was comparable to that obtained from siRNA gene knockdown. Lastly, their findings also show that CRISPR screening gave less false hits, i.e. it was more accurate than siRNA screens performed in parallel.

Corporate Secretaryship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Secretaryship - Essay Example vided into the law of companies which are public nature and on companies which are private in nature, it serves the dual purpose of being both a very effective as well as a comprehensive piece of legislation. The primary purpose of enacting this legislation was to increase the competitiveness of the UK in the field of international trade and also ensure the creation of an effective legal and regulatory framework within which business within the UK operates and also promotion of enterprise, promoting growth and provide the right conditions for investment and employment and create them as and when necessary.3 The Act is a comprehensive code of company law. It restates and replaces most of the Company Law provisions of the 1985, 1989 and 2004 (Audit, Investigations and Communities Enterprise) Acts and also introduces a wide range of changes to a number of areas such as formation of company, directors’ duties and liabilities, shareholders’ rights, share capital maintenance etc. The intention is for all parts of the Act to be implemented by October 2008 although some parts may be introduced before than and others are already in force.4 Behind the 1300 sections of the Act lie 4 key themes which are ensuring the enhancement of shareholder engagement and a long-term investment culture; ensuring better regulation and a Think Small First approach. Through the Act, it is expected that it will now become far easier to set up and run a company; and also provide flexibility for the future.5 The advent of the Companies Act, 2006 will bring about a number of changes for companies during 2007 and 2008.  One such change will be the abolition of the need to appoint a company secretary for a private company.6 Part 12 of the Act of 2006 deals with the role that company secretaries have to play in any organization, Sections 270-280 from a part of Part 12 of the Act. The head note to Section 270 states that, a Private company not required to have secretary. With the sub sections

Implementing Software Development Project Management Best Practices Assignment

Implementing Software Development Project Management Best Practices - Assignment Example This may prompt activities such as performing an inventory. This will ensure that every software development tool conforms to the set standards. The process modeling is mainly used to enhance the flow of software development work. The process model has clear guidelines and procedural steps that a developer is required to follow so that they can produce a quality software product that not only meets the user requirements but also reaches the quality assurance standards. The process of inventory in the process modeling may used to help reduce the cost of development while at the same time enhancing the quality. In this process, the implementation of the assets requires the use of asset management program. This is always the first step and level of information that is necessary to implement the software management program (Tyugu et al, 2009 ). This will help measure some elements of software. Especially with the software usage seen to be metering, the following can be determined; whethe r the organization purchased many assets that the consumption rate. The use of process framework thus helps reduce such misuse of resources in the organization. This is also aimed at determining if more software has been purchased beyond the organization needs. This will additionally help minimize the cost of maintenance and also give room for the re-allocation of the unused software assets. This will ensure that that the organization avoids underutilization of the development resources. This makes it very easy for the organization to have better plans for future developments. This will also control the levels to which the unauthorized software is being used within the organization. To avoid these, the organization needs the process models that give clear development frameworks. The development framework will then establish the development parameters. These parameters are used to set the development objectives and the development

Social Impact of Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Impact of Tourism - Essay Example In addition to the misrepresentation of identity, changes may occur in community structure, family relationships, shared customary life styles, services and ethics (Din, 1988). Tourism can cause positive social impact as well by means of supporting for peace, promoting cultural traditions and helping circumvent urban repositioning by creating local jobs. Socio-cultural impact becomes indistinct when various cultures meet at the single point of intersection as it may be perceived by some of the groups as positive whereas it may be perceived as negative by some of the groups as well. This paper aims at finding out the social impacts of tourism. Tourism has positive impact on environmental condition. Tourism has the capability to encourage social development by virtue of employment creation, capital distribution and poverty mitigation (web link 6). Travelling is an influential dynamic element that brings individual into get in touch with another individual and a culture into the contact with another culture, as tourism consists of learning element, it may provide knowledge among individuals and cultures and offer cultural exchange among hosts and guests. This eventually results in increasing mutual understanding, mutual respect and in reducing the reciprocated prejudices for each other. - Reinforcement of communities Tourism may adjoin to the strength of communities in several fashions. Example includes the events or carnivals during which the local inhabitants may play the role of primary participants and the spectators may participate as the secondary components and revitalize the events which are further progressed by the interaction of tourist interest. Tourism industry can create jobs that contribute as a vital enticement in order to decline in emigration from country areas. Local individuals as well as local events can contribute in the development of tourism industry and enhance their job and production prospect by means of receiving tourism related professional training as well as business and organizational skills development. - Benefits received by local residents as a result of facilities provided by tourism sector Tourism focuses on the development of services inclusive of communal public services to entertainment services which eventually brings in higher living standards in the local sector of the target destination. The uplifting of standards may include in an improvement in infrastructure, enhancement in health sector and transportation, introducing new recreational facilities, restaurants, and public sectors as well as an arrival of improved commodities and food (Cohen, 1984; Pizam, 1978). - Revaluation of culture and traditions Tourism can enhance the safeguarding and conduction of cultural and historical practices, by means of contributing to the preservation and prolonged management of natural possessions, the conservation of local traditions, as well as a revolution of aboriginal culture, arts and crafts. - Encouragement of civic involvement and pride Tourism has a great impact in raising mass awareness about natural resources and its financial value as well as about cultural significance. Additionally, it may also arouse a feeling of pride in local and national traditions and may encourage

Article Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Article Critique - Assignment Example and research shows that while many adjust appropriately, other face difficulties trying to adjust.The adjustment difficulties in sibling have been associated with poor parent functioning and problem solving technique, weak family cohesion, and family conflicts. The method in which information is obtained has received mixed emotions and critics view that previous research were conducted in an appropriate manner in that sibling adjustment was studied without including the whole family perspective. This is to say that most children who exhibit difficulties in coping, are actually influenced by the family relationship as a whole. For instance, the level of stress parents have because of the coping problem tend to translate to other siblings and they show inability to adjust with their other brothers and sisters. Stress may arise from other sectors of the family life and may not always be related to the challenged child. Having redesigned the technique for research, the present study was aimed at examining the relationship between sibling adjustments, family stress and coping problems. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation was employed to point out various strength-based family factors associated with appropriate adjustment outcomes for those families with stressful situations. The role of family communication was a significant factor in influencing sibling adjustment as well as relating sibling adjustment and factors including socio-demographic, parent characteristics and disability were of a particular interest. The nature of sibling experience within the family was of importance and a central part of the study. It was also aimed at analyzing the relationship between the adjustment of siblings and how they view daily hassles and uplifts especially related to the disabled child. It is good to note that the coping technique that sibling employ in coping with their disabled brother or sister, determines to a large extent their psychological

Langston Huges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Langston Huges - Essay Example Well, everyone knows, except us, that all Negroes have rhythm, so they elected me as class poet† (Johnson, p.138)." He also wrote newspapers for the school, wrote plays, short stories, and edited the year book. It was at this time in high school when he realized that he had a passion for books and wrote â€Å"when Sue Wears Red†, his first jazz poetry. In 1919, he briefly lived with his father in Mexico although the relationship between the two was poor. In 1920 Hughes went back to his father with hopes that he would help him enroll to Colombia University. Initially, before arriving to Mexico, Hughes states that he had been thinking about his father and the strange dislike of his own people. Hughes did not understand it because he was a Negro and liked Negros very much (Hughes and McLaren, p.65). His father had plans of taking him to a university overseas to make a career in engineering and not become a writer. At some point they came into a compromise whereby Hughes agr eed to study engineering only if his father would allow him to attend Colombia University. Hughes has struggled since childhood to fit in the United States as an African American. At a young age, he did not have an easy life and racism encounters was the order of the day though he decided to remain loyal to his own heritage. He had due respect for his background as an African American to an extent of using his racial pride as the base of his works. The struggles in his life shaped him into becoming both a poet and an inspiring leader to the African American people. Having struggled in making a living, he finally figured out what he really wanted to do by stating in his autobiography that he wanted to write seriously and as well as he knew how about the Negro people. This is what gave Hughes an establishment of his own style; a style that would give a reflection about his personal African American experiences whereby race had its own inequalities (Hughes and McLaren, 66). Hughes soug ht out a communism world, one with an ideology that offers to establish classless views, lack of social status and get rid of segregation in the society. The political views regarding racial discrimination were a major obstacle in Hughes’ life. This enabled him to express his opinions and perception about issue facing the colored people in America through his works. Hughes wrote in a respectable way to demonstrate to his fellow black writers the significance of writing educative works rather than criticize harshly. I n the year 1924, went to back to the United States did odd jobs like a busboy and an assistant cook at a restaurant in Washington where he met Vachel Lindsay, an American poet. Hughes decided to show some of his poet work to Lindsay who was fascinated enough to make connections and promote Hughes’ work for a larger audience (Baxter, p.45). That same year, his poem â€Å"Weary Blues† won a prize in the literary competition of the opportunity magazine . He was also lucky to receive a scholarship to enroll at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. Again, Hughes poems caught the attention of novelist Carl Van Vetchten, who also made connections for Hughes and the following year his first poetry book weary blues was published. The first time that Hughes gained recognition as a recommendable literature figure was in 1920s, a time for â€Å"

Wollstonecrafts Feminism Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wollstonecrafts Feminism - Thesis Example She argues that since woman is the other half of mankind, she should be accorded her basic rights like what the man has. She questions the happiness of the woman when she is under patriarchal subjugation. (Wollstonecraft 13). However, there are problems implementing a fixed doctrine of women's rights. These rights vary with different cultures. A universal doctrine of rights cannot apply when the applicants live under different social conditions and sustain their cultural views. For example, the Western and Eastern societies nurture differing specific cultural and social values. The political leaders defend their right to adapt human rights as in accordance to their country's specifications and refuse to implement a universal set of human rights. Thus, there are two camps of thought with the Universalist and relativist. The next question is how trustworthy is the male dominated hierarchy to implement the rights of women when the male sex are viewed as prejudiced law makers by virtue o f their gender. In the Third World, the forced attempt at drawing up the constituency of human rights using Western principles of universality is met with criticism. Instead of helping, these acts are viewed as colonialism. The superimposition of Western cultural and social values backfires. (Schech & Haggis 172). Wollstonecraft says that women should be educated to become fit companions for men and good mothers. She says that everything stems from the mother; 'If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations.' (Wollstonecraft 12). It is foreseeable that each successive generation depends upon the mother and she should receive sufficient education as a woman to carry out her duties as a mother befittingly. On cultural relativism, Wollstonecraft mentioned that French women have changed in spite of the positive input of education. The women have been conditioned to expose their sexuality and scorn the moral value of modesty. They have adopted the attitude of flouting their sexuality and deriding other women who do not share their value as being prudes. The French women are subject to social conditioning and have assimilated the superimposed values as their own. These French women are being 'educated' to turn against themselves without their realizing it. They do not realize what is happening to them because they have no basic foundations of education and thus are unable to discern what is moral or immoral. (Wollstonecraft 12). Wollstonecraft used this example to warn against the impending social risk of English women suffering the same fate as their French counterparts. Taylor says that; 'In an interesting side-swipe at enlightened ethical relativism, in 1795 Wollstonecraft condemned th ose 'semi-philosophers' who, using examples from 'nations just emerging from barbarism', had attempted to show 'that the vices of one

Managing Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Managing Human Resources - Essay Example As a work motivational approach, Cummings and Worley (2009, p. 434) explained that rewards can either be intrinsic or extrinsic by nature. In line with this, intrinsic rewards include the use of sincere acknowledgement for a good performance whereas extrinsic rewards can be in a form of increased salary, stock options, work promotion, or bonus given to employees (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p. 434). As compared to the use of extrinsic rewards, it is easier to implement intrinsic rewards because HR managers can easily make it a habit to acknowledge the effort of each employee in making the organizational goal attainable rather than requesting the business owners and board of directors to increase the available fund which can be use to reward employees for any improvements in their work performance (Shamir et al., 1993). According to Pfeffer (1998, p. 110), HR managers often ask the question â€Å"how much to pay employees† or â€Å"how much compensation package should be includ ed in the company’s reward system† in order to increase the work performance of each employee. Pertaining to the importance of developing and implementing effective pay and reward system, this report will focus on discussing how internal factors (i.e. organizational vision and mission, organizational structure, organizational culture, business objectives and business strategies) and external factors (i.e. competitors’ pay and reward system that is heavily influenced by economic pressures, the current labour market condition, government implemented labour policies, legal issues concerning the basic labour requirements, and the global labour environment) could shape the organizational approaches when designing a business organization’s pay and reward system (Heneman, Fisher and Dixon, 2001; Zingheim, Ledford and Schuster, 1996). Based on the research findings, the researcher will analyze how each factor is link with the other identified factors when designin g pay and reward systems. Internal Factors that Shapes the Organizational Approaches when Designing Pay and Reward Systems Several research studies revealed that internal factors that could significantly affect the shaping of organizational approaches when designing pay and reward systems includes the organizational vision and mission, organizational structure, organizational culture, business objectives and business strategies (Heneman, Fisher and Dixon, 2001; Zingheim, Ledford and Schuster, 1996). Depending on organizational vision and mission, organizational structure, business objectives and business strategies, a business organization can develop a culture with regards to its accepted and widely practiced pay and rewards system. Communicating the organizational vision to the rest of the employees serves as a guide in the development and implementation of strategic planning. In line with this, a shared vision can be use as a guide in developing the kind of reward system which co uld effectively motivate each employee to improve their work performance (Worldatwork, 2007, p. 39). Upon analyzing the significance of organizational vision and mission in the designing of pay and rewards systems, it is necessary for HR managers to be familiar with the organizational

The war at sea Essay Example for Free

The war at sea Essay Despite this fact they were only a side show to the Western Front. Aeroplanes were significant to the war effort as they brought glamour and gave cvillians and soldiers on the Western front hope as well as heros to believe in. This boosted the morale of the nation and helped the war at sea, on the home Front and on the Western Front. The Home Front: The war of 1914-1918 was the first war thathad an impact on everyone. No longer did a war involve sopldiers or men in the armed forces alone. Helpless civilians were also affected. The first world War touched everyone at some point throughout its duration, and people who lived in cities were the victims of bombardments by enemy planes. The First World War was the fist time that blackouts were introduced, this was so German planes would not know when they were opver a city. The alarm would sound and everyone would take cover intheir bomb shelters until a second alarm sounded to say it was safe to come out. When the war started Britain had only a small professional army. The government decided to invest a lot of money into advertsing aspects of the war; fighting for ones country and trying to encourage patriotsm. Posters and leaflets were plastered everywhere to promote and encourage recruitment to the armed forces. Propoganda was vital to ensure men signed up. The British press reinforced the governments recruitment drive with tales of German atrocities such as the murder of babies and nurses and the raping of HELPLESS WOME. One of the most popular stories of the time was that of German factories making soap from boiled corpses. The campaign to enrol men was very succesfull and by 1916 over 2 million had enlisted. In 1916 the government introduced conscription for men between the ages of 16 and 40 for the first time. This was due to many reasons; the number of men volunteering for the war was dropping, the lower classes were conscribing which was crippling the agricultural system whilst the upper classes did not volunteer. The war effort was only attracting certain people and it was felt by most that not all men were playing their part. Conscription meant that everyone, from all walks of life, helped their country. Not everyone agreed with conscription, many members of parliament voted against it. Others did not go to war due to political or religious beliefs. They were called conscientious objectors or conchies. They had to appear in front of a tribunal to prove that they had valid reasons. If not they were often put in prison where they were badly treated. Some chonchies helped at the front as stretcher bearers; these men had a life expectancy of about 3 days. In 1914 the government introduced DORA this stood for the defence of the Realem Act. This gave the government a wide range of powers, some of which included censership of what the publicfopund out about the wa and what enemy countries found out about the allies, thus ensuring no piece of information got into the wrong hands. The government was able to use any building as part of the war effort and to take over various industries including the coal industry, ensuring that business men did not profit from production. In 1915 the munitions crisis occurred due to the stalemate on the Western Front as armament and weapons were running out. Men had to train with wooden sticks as there were insufficient rifles to equip each man. The bombardment of enemy trenches could not continue if there were no shells. Some soldiers were only allowed to use 3 rounds of shot per day. The situation was looking dire for the government at this time. The daily male put the national scandal into circulation and as a result a coalition government was formed so that all parties could work together. Lollyd George was made Minister of Munitions. One of the initial problems of the munitions crisis was that too many skilled young workers had gone to war in search of better pay. The government had to recall many of these men. Another key constituent of Llyod Georges plan was to introduce women to the work force. In 1915 100,000 women enlisted for work however only 5,000 of these got jobs. The unions were worried that when women took the jobs they would dilute the salary of the mens jobs. Llyod George clearly ststed that women would earn the same amount as men and that their jobs would be complete when the war was over. Many women worked in the munitions factories and by 1915 the situation had improved and helped all fronts. It is recognised that without the assistance of the women the war would probably been lost. As men left for war an increasing number of women went into the professions usually dominated by men. Women went into all fields of work including ship, coal , steel, transport and agricultural (land girls) industries. However their made impactwas in the munitions factories. Here the women were in high risk jobs which affected both their skins and their lives. Toxic chemicals turned their skin yellow and they were often labelled canaries as a consequence. Women payed the ulimate price as many of the died of the cancer these toxic chemicals caused. In1917 women aged over 30 were given the right to vote. The war had help[ed the men of the country to realise that women were a part of a functioning Britain and that they to had a voice that needed to be heard. Asquith a former priminister, supported votes for women during the war although he had previously aposed this when in power. The attitude towards women and their role changed as a result of the war. Under DORA the government had the right to secure land and use it for farm production. In 1917 the government had a problem, there was a shortage of food. A quarter of British ships were being sunk by German U-boats in April and there was supposedly only six weeks of wheat left. As supplies ran low prices rose. Shops closed early as they ran out of food. Poorer families starved whilst the rich hoarded all of the food they could get their hands on. The government reacted in a variety of ways. The earnings of industry workers rose and in May 1917 voluntary rationing was introduced. The Royal family led the way by stating that hey were reducing their ingestion of bread and such products by 25%. Posters were designed to encourage economical consumption and in November the nine penny loaf was introduced. None of these measures were affective so in 1918 compulsary rationing was introduced for bread, sugar, meat, butter and beer. Each fam,ily was given a ration which was stamped when anything was bought. There were heavy fines for those whgo tried to break the rules. Rationing was welcomed by most and even improved the health of poorer people by the ne dof the war. The Defence of the Realm Act also controlled the news that flowed in and out of Britain. The british press was heavly censored and even the House of Commons was not always kept informed of the goings on at the Western Front. Journalists were banned from travelling with the troops in case stories were leaked to the British public, thus maintaining morale amongst civilians. In 1916 the british government had to overcome one of its greatest challenges, the filming of the battle of the Sommme. The battle had raged on and many lives had been lost for only a few square miles of land. The film sold out in cinemas all over the country. The footage was unique and showed dying soldiers, and men going over the top. The nation appreciated the tone of the film and although people were shocked they appreciated the films realism. The film was a huge success and saluted as a great piece of cinematography. For the government it achieved its aim by showing the public that despite the absurd and horrendous number of casualties, the war was a worthy cause. Propaganda was used to keep up morale as well as uniting all against the enemy. The Home Front was as important and as vital as the other fronts. It supplied the troops with munitions and the patriotism to convince those at home that their sacrifice was for a deserving cause. This would not have continued without the propoganda and the governments policy of protecting the public from hearing news that would destroy their trust. The Home Front was succesfull due to the efforts of many women who were able to show the men in power that they were as good as them. On a political the Home Front gave women confidence and a certain amount of admiration from the countries men. The war wopuld not have been won without this and was beneficial to the success of the Allies, but it also needed the help of the other three fronts to succeed. Western Front: When the war was first declaired in 1914 it was expected to be over by Christmas. The public thought that it wopuld revolve around gallant young men on horse back charging against the Germans and thus winning a lightning victory. They could not have been more wrong. As sson as war was declared the Germans put the Schlieffen Plan into operation. Their aim was to secure victory over France within six weeks and then turn their attention to Russia in the East. Al;l would have gone according to plan if Belgium had not put up such heroic resistance against Germany and delayed them. The German commander Moltke had also to send a 100,000 troops towards Russia who had mobalised more quickly than anticipated. The Germans were heading towards Paris but were held up quite dramatically by the British troops even though they outnumbered the British. The French launched a direct and grand attack on Germany but were halted by machine gun fire. The Germans gathered their troops and headed towards Paris. However the German troops advance too quickly and ran out of supplies, the German soldiers were also exhausted. The Allied troops desperately tried to save Paris without France, Britains chief Ally, the war would be over. The Germans decided not to advance on Paris and instead chose to go around and attack the French from behind. The French stopped the German advance on the river Marne but were unable to force them to retreat. By the 8th of September each side had dug in to protect themselves, using barbed wire, snipers and machine guns as a means of defence. These were the first signs of stalemate. This stalemate lasted until 1918 with millionsof lives lost and no land gained. The trenches stretched fro the sea in the North too the Alps in the South. The Germans launched several attacks on various Forts in Verdun and both sides resourced the battle. By 1916 700,000 men had been killed and then French were close to collapsing. To help the French the british led by Hague launched their offensive at the Somme, after a week of bombardment the British advanced. There were 57,000 casualties on the first day and by November 1. 5 million men had died. The atrocities of the battles of Verdun and the Somme were something the politicians and the public were unprepared for. Military leadership was criticised and Hague became known as a bad commander; a butcher who knew nothing about modern warfare. Hague was used to the old style of war and was not prepared dor the way things were in the new age of technology. At these battles new technology and tactics, like the introduction of tanks and creeping ambush, set a presedant for future wars. The Battles of Verdun and the Somme have sinced been recognised as a turning point in the war although at the time they were thought of as a complete disaster. In 1917 the Americans joined the war after the Germans declared unrestricted warfare on American ships suspected of carrying armaments for the Allies, although America maintained neutrality. The Germans accused the USA of having double standards. When the Germans tried to ally with mexico it was the last straw and America declared war on Germany on the 1st April 1917. Although this was good news the Americans did not arrive immediately in force and the French continued to struggle. Top make matters worse the Russians had made peace with the Germans in 1917 as a result of the Russian Revolution and the new communist regime. This was bad news for the Allies. It meant that Germany could now mobalise hundreds of thousands of troops from the Eastern to the Western Front. The German force increased as their army was no longer spread across Europe. A final attack was planned under the command of Lundenhoff. However the power of Germanys army had diminished as they were weak and tired. The troops were starved and their whole final offensive failed largely due to the malnurishment of the troops. Although the Germans had ended the stalemat it was the Allies who benefited. The Americans were sending troops at a rate of 50,000 men per month. The troop swere assisted by technologically advanced tanks, aeroplanes and improved artillery. In 1918 the Allied counter attack along the Western Front had reached the Hindenburg line and by October the Germans were in full retreat. When the November Armistice came into effect the Great War was finally over. The Western Front was considered the most important by some. The public views of The Western Front was far from reality. Letters from soldiers fighting on the front were censored and changed so that the image of the heroic battles the Allies were fighting were not destroyed by the truth. It was feared that if the truth were known it would result in havoc amongst the Allied Nations. Civillians new nothing about the terrible conditions of the trenches and propaganda made the war look muchmore glamerous than it really was News papers painted victorious pictures of trench war fare and the public new no better as this was the first technically advanced war ever. The film of The Battle of the Somme, changed that image and people became more aware of the tragedy of loss. Recruitment numbers reduced during the war which was why conscription was introduced. Each of the fronts played an important part in winning the war. The public viewed the Western Front as the only War Front as this was where most of the soldiers were sent, although others were sent to Gallipoli, The Balkans and the middle East. The Western Front had the most casualties which is why it will always be perceived as the most important. The war in the air was vital for surveillance, advancements in aviation and morale boosting. It gave the public something they could understand and belive in. The war at sea proved to be a turning point for the Allies. The Allies starved the Germans into surrendering, thus weakening them and rendering their last offensive unsuccesfull. The war at sea brought the Americans into the picture at a time when the Allies needed reinforcement. The Americans brought with them artillery, equipment and strong healthy men at a time when they were most needed. The war at sea also supplied the troops on various fronts with food and ammunitions so that they were as strong as circumstances would permit. The Home Front was the provider of men for enlistment, was the center for propaganda and made ammunitions and artillery to be used by the troops. DORA was introduced as part of the Home Front offensive to protect civilians and information, and brought women into action replacing the men who were away. The Home Front also provided nurses and kept the nation at Home running smoothly so that the men could return to an organised country at the end of the war. The Western front was where the fighting took place where thousands of men died and where some of the most heroic and dangerous battles ever took place. The men on the Western Front clearly had the hardest task with variable weather conditions and the dreaded over the top manoeuvre. It was also the most traumatic but it would not have succeded without the help and combination of the other three fronts. The Allied victory was due to an imalgamatoion of effort from all the fronts.

Essay on 1983 Essay Example for Free

Essay on 1983 Essay Different dictionaries provide a number of meanings to the word fool. Firstly, the word fool perhaps implies â€Å"a silly person†, â€Å"a dumb† or even a â€Å"dunderhead†. Apart from these negative connotations to the word fool, the term could also mean, â€Å"a professional in counterfeiting folly to draw entertainment for others, a clown, or a jester†. Besides, a fool could a character in a script of other literal work that is created and manipulated to feature a fool. In Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare, there are several unconventional fools other than the clown Feste. Feste and the cauldron of fools in the play dexterously combine their unusual traits and wits to stimulate other characters into their charade eliciting their own form of foolery. This paper explores the role of the fool in William Shakespeare play, Twelfth Night. To begin with, Feste plays a significant role in the Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare in the Illyrian society. He features a transcendental ringleader capable of trouncing conventional social hierarchies and leading them in his own views and interests, aside from the intense criticism of his environment. Feste’s significance in the play is well embedded in his ability to socialize and interact with the nobles and the common with equal ease. In the play, Feste is an employed clown of Olivia’s late father. Therefore, he is an â€Å"official fool† implying that he is permitted to speak the truth to people surrounding him (Act I. Scene V). This role reflects Feste and truthful fool in this Illyrian society, even though he mirrors a critic of his environment. William Shakespeare also injects humor in the play through the characters and mannerism of Feste. For instance, Feste emerges as a conventional fool when he clad as the curate, Sir Topaz. He goes on to visit the imprisoned Malvolio incarnated as Sir Topaz in the company of like fools, Sir Toby and Maria. Shakespeare exerts a shower of humor and wit in the play through the Feste’s charade. Feste humorously abuses the unawares Malvolio of the disguise calling him a â€Å"Satan† and a â€Å"lunatic† (Act IV. Scene II). In a punning twist and turns of words, the in-disguise Feste cum Sir Topaz wittingly confuses Malvolio bringing out the fool in the latter. Incidentally, Malvolio featured as an intentional ruin to people’s pleasure in the play. Therefore, Feste’s folly dawns an acceptable and just behavior among the audience in light of his condemnable actions. Feste represents a genius with words character in the play. He has a knack for witty repartee and word play. Indeed, this justifies Cesario’s description of Feste as the â€Å"wise fellow to play the fool† (3.1.14). Besides, Feste’s penchant for excellent sizing up situations is dramatic and significant in the play. He points out other character’s folly drawing a couple of bucks and a laugh. For instance, Feste’s shrewd description of â€Å"the greedy and drunk† Sir Toby in an honest and humorous mockery justifies to the Elizabethan audience his legitimacy as a licensed fool. Notwithstanding, this folly acts offers an honest insight to the audience of the concealed and dark secrets and aspects of a character in the play. Source document

Life Of Pi | Analysis

Life Of Pi | Analysis The book Life of Pi shows the Freuds theory on the unconscious mind in ones personality. According to Freuds theory, the mind can be divided into two main parts, which is the conscious mind and the unconscious mind. Unconscious mind is the greatest, and most potentially threatening is unseen from the surface. The conscious mind is actively aware of all that is going on. But the unconscious mind influences ones personality and behavior without even noticing it. In other words, this underlying influence is what each and everyone is unaware of. Pi experiences both conscious mind and unconscious mind. He was consciously planning carefully how he was going to survive in the sea by planning how he was going to spend his food so that food doesnt run out of supply. His conscious mind paid huge contributions in helping him to survive in the sea. When Pi was young, his father brought him and Ravi to the zoo to witness the brutality of the animals. He threw a goat into an enclosed cage with a t iger. As expected, the tiger eats the goat ferociously. Pis fathers purpose of doing so was to explain how dangerous animals could be. Pi was unaware that this gruesome event has changed his personality to become more ferocious. In order to survive in the sea, Pi killed fishes, sea turtles, a bird and meerakats to quench his thirst and prevent him to suffer from hunger. Hunger knows no friend but its feeder (Aristophanes 1) The quote means that when one is in the state of food deprived, one would do anything to satisfy the hunger. Pi unconsciously turned into someone else when he was food deprived. Pi was totally unaware of it because he relied on his survival instincts to keep himself alive against all odds. This clearly shows that hunger has drove Pi to act in ways that he never thought of doing in his years of life. Another Freud theory would be the Iceberg theory. Iceberg theory states that the soul of an individual is shaped like an iceberg. The part of the mind which is visible for all to see is the superego and the ego, both are the rational parts of the mind. What lies beneath the surface is a much larger area that is kept away from the public view, in other words, another self that is kept hidden away. Although Pi is a person who has his religions best interest at heart, he is deeply principled, however, he has an animal inside of him who later presents itself throughout his ordeal at sea. And that animal would be Richard Parker. It was a state of tense, breathless bored. (Martel 155) demonstrates that Pi was feeling forlorn and bored on the raft. This is the reason Richard Parker is Pi because it was all the imaginations of Pi. Pi had his survival instinct, Richard Parker inside of him. I held on to one thought: Richard Parker. I hatched several plans to get rid of him so that the life boat might be mine. (Martel 210) The id is the driving force of the unconscious. It was fear of death that drove Pi to come out with the six plans to get rid of Richard Parker. His id was so overwhelming that it overcomes his superego because he wants to stay alive. This shows that a persons id dominates the superego when one is struggling in between the life and death situation. Pi would not be able to survive if his superego was stronger than his id. Besides that, Pavlov had a theory about conditioning. The theory suggests that association to the unconditioned stimulus is made with the conditioned stimulus within the brain, but without involving the conscious part of the mind. Pi shows this theory by using a whistle to condition Richard Parker. TREEEEEE ! TREEEEEE ! TREEEEEE! (Martel 127) Moreover, Pi gives Richard Parker a share of his food and water in order to manipulate his mind in thinking that he needs Pi in order to survive. In such a way, Richard Parker has been conditioned to follow Pis commands using a whistle, food and water. The sound of the whistle acted as if it was a whip and a chair used by the ringmaster to tame the lion in a circus. Pi came up with a series of training program to condition Richard Parker such as make him drink from a pail, supplying him with food and ask him to do tricks by jumping through a hoop to let him know that who is the alpha. It successfully helped Pi to survive with Richard Parker. P i also conditioned Richard Parker by playing his feces. To display his feces openly, to flaunt the small of them, would have been a sign of social dominance. (Martel 283) Richard Parker has been conditioned to rely on Pi to survive. Thus, the theory of Palvol is clearly shown in Life of Pi. In addition, in the story Life of Pi, there is also the theory of human motivation proposed by Abraham Maslow. There is a hierarchy of Maslow in conjunction with the Maslows theory. The hierarchy of Maslow is depicted as a pyramid made up of five levels in total. Firstly, the lowest level and also the dominant level is the physiological needs. The others are growth needs namely safety, love, esteem and self actualization. Physiological needs such as air, food and water are vital to ensure human survival. When one is satisfied with physiological needs, with equal passion, one sought for safety which is the second level of hierarchy of Maslow. Pi was motivated to live by fear. Richard Parker was the one who inflicted fear on Pi to keep him surviving. I must say a word about fear. It is lifes true only opponent. Only fear can defeat life. (Martel 214) Pi was motivated to not give up on his life so easily. Instead, he fought like a warrior so that he could survive this painful tragedy. Pi also admitted that if Richard Parker was not exist, he would already gave up on his life. It was Richard Parker who calmed me down. It is the irony of this story that the one who scared me witless to start with was the very same who brought me peace, purpose, I dare say even wholeless. (Martel 216) This quote has proven that Pi survived the loneliness in the company of Richard Parker. In conclusion, the story Life of Pi is the perfect material to be analyze under psychoanalytic lens as there are various parts of the story which touches the primacy of Freud theory, Iceberg theory, Palvol theory and Maslows human motivation theory. Being stranded on a deserted island, the hunger, fear and pain are the natural instincts one could have. These natural instincts are also the literal requirements to the key of survival. It may not be a scientific truth, but its psychological truth. (Aldiss 1) this quote means that a persons personality and behavior may not be able to be proven scientifically, but it can be proven psychologically.

Loss of Innocence :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Innocence is usually associated with youth and ignorance. The loss of one’s innocence is associated with the evils of the world. However, the term â€Å"innocence† can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Similarly, the loss of one’s innocence can be interpreted in more than one way, and, depending on the interpretation, it may happen numerous times. The loss of innocence is culture specific and involves something that society holds sacrosanct. It is also bounded by different religious beliefs. Still, no matter which culture or religion is at hand, there is always more than one way to lose one’s innocence, and every member of that particular culture or religion experiences a loss of innocence at least once in their lives. In addition, the individual’s loss of innocence will impair him or her emotionally and/or physically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Committing a crime of some sort will certainly cause an individual to lose his or her innocence with emotional scars and perhaps with physical scars. In Native Son, by Richard Wright, Bigger Thomas accidentally suffocates his boss’ daughter to death. Suddenly, Bigger feels a strength that had been dormant in him, a sense of control and power over another person. Although the murder is accidental, Bigger Thomas experiences a loss of innocence that enables him to kill others also, including his own girlfriend. Yet, with the power he believes he had acquired from his loss of innocence, he also obtains an abundance of guilt and fear. Bigger knows that he had performed a terrible act, and because of this he feels guilty. Also, he begins to fear that he would be caught. Bigger becomes very paranoid after the murder and ultimately is caught and executed anyway. The case of Bigger Thomas is almost tragic. His loss of innocence, an accident, causes him to become a d ishonest and dishonorable person. He is unable to forget the event and bears guilt and fear until he is executed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knowing a victim of an unforgettable and unforgivable crime will cause a person to lose a type on innocence. However, witnessing the heinous violation of the victim is much stronger. After the witness sees and hears the exact event, it is nearly impossible to disregard his or her memory. This is true in the short story â€Å"In the Shadow of War.† The protagonist of the literary work, a young boy named Omovo, witnesses the killing of a woman.

A Comparison of The Pardoners Tale and Beowulf :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Importance of The Pardoners Tale and Beowulf Literary history is a history of the major literary traditions, movements, works, and authors of a country, region, etc. (Barber 837). The understanding of literary history allows us insight into the past, a recognition of historical events and tensions written into the works of those who witnessed them. By including societal behaviors, political tensions, and common folklore, historical authors have indirectly provided the reader with a broader and deeper understanding of the literature and the period in which it was written. Besides insight into collective societal culture, literary history has provided future writers with models of poetic device, style and content influencing literary works and building upon past literary ideas. Literary history is a vehicle to understanding the past and plays a major role in its influence on literature up to and including the present day. Knowledge of historical literature gives us insight into the traditions and societal conventions of the time in which the piece was written. One outstanding example comes from Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf is a literary work which enables a reader to glimpse not only the societal customs but into the savage and seemingly uncontrollable environment of the first century. Literary historian, Raymond Chambers points out that in the fight between Grendel and Beowulf it appears as though Grendel is representative of the degraded form of human life attempting to gain power through violence, in his attempt to overthrow Hrothgar and take control of Heorot he is fatally wounded by Beowulf. Beowulf is a character who exemplifies the collective societal agreement as to the role of a hero and his duty to control a seemingly ungovernable environment (Chambers 46). The Beowulf poet describes Grendel and Beowulf as "Both ..enraged, fury filled, the two who meant to control the hall." (Beowulf 36). The fight for control of the hall could be seen as representative of the struggle between good and evil or perhaps the control of the king over an uncontrollable people. Taking into account Mr. Chambers explanation of Grendel, a reader may also reason that the dragon symbolizes a threat from outside the human realm. One notes that the dragon is not given the humanistic qualities of Grendel, he has no kin and appears to have no mortal thoughts. Due to his lack of humanistic characteristics, the reader may believe that the dragon is less representative of a human threat such as an enemy warrior, etc. A Comparison of The Pardoners Tale and Beowulf :: comparison compare contrast essays The Importance of The Pardoners Tale and Beowulf Literary history is a history of the major literary traditions, movements, works, and authors of a country, region, etc. (Barber 837). The understanding of literary history allows us insight into the past, a recognition of historical events and tensions written into the works of those who witnessed them. By including societal behaviors, political tensions, and common folklore, historical authors have indirectly provided the reader with a broader and deeper understanding of the literature and the period in which it was written. Besides insight into collective societal culture, literary history has provided future writers with models of poetic device, style and content influencing literary works and building upon past literary ideas. Literary history is a vehicle to understanding the past and plays a major role in its influence on literature up to and including the present day. Knowledge of historical literature gives us insight into the traditions and societal conventions of the time in which the piece was written. One outstanding example comes from Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf is a literary work which enables a reader to glimpse not only the societal customs but into the savage and seemingly uncontrollable environment of the first century. Literary historian, Raymond Chambers points out that in the fight between Grendel and Beowulf it appears as though Grendel is representative of the degraded form of human life attempting to gain power through violence, in his attempt to overthrow Hrothgar and take control of Heorot he is fatally wounded by Beowulf. Beowulf is a character who exemplifies the collective societal agreement as to the role of a hero and his duty to control a seemingly ungovernable environment (Chambers 46). The Beowulf poet describes Grendel and Beowulf as "Both ..enraged, fury filled, the two who meant to control the hall." (Beowulf 36). The fight for control of the hall could be seen as representative of the struggle between good and evil or perhaps the control of the king over an uncontrollable people. Taking into account Mr. Chambers explanation of Grendel, a reader may also reason that the dragon symbolizes a threat from outside the human realm. One notes that the dragon is not given the humanistic qualities of Grendel, he has no kin and appears to have no mortal thoughts. Due to his lack of humanistic characteristics, the reader may believe that the dragon is less representative of a human threat such as an enemy warrior, etc.

Virtue as Habit Essay -- Aristotle Kant Moral Psychology Papers

Virtue as Habit The aim of this essay is to examine the following question. Does it make a difference in moral psychology whether one adopts Aristotle's ordinary or Immanuel Kant's revisionist definition of virtue as a moral habit? Suppose it is objected, at the outset, that these definitions cannot be critically compared because their moral theories are, respectively, aposteriori and apriori, and so incommensurable. Two points of commensurability and grounds for comparative evaluation are two basic problems that any theory in moral psychology must address. They are moral ignorance (I don't know what I ought to do) and weakness (I don't do what I know I ought to do).(1) In the Nicomachean Ethics (hereafter Ethics), Aristotle maintains that the virtues are formed by repetition as are other habits (see book II, chapters 1-5). "[I]t is by doing just acts that a just man is produced, and by doing temperate acts the temperate man," he explains, and without this kind of habit formation "no one would have even the prospect of being good" (1105b9-12). Further, the "mark" of a good "legislator" and "constitution" is that they: "Make the citizens good by forming habits in them" (1103b4). And in his investigation of the virtue justice, he takes as his "starting point" the ordinary meanings of a "just and an "unjust" man: the latter is "lawless," "grasping," and "unfair"; the former is "law-abiding" and "fair" (V:1129a30-34). In short, Aristotle's intention is to clarify the ordinary meaning of virtue as habit. In the Metaphysical Principles of Virtue (hereafter Virtue), Kant clearly rejects any concept of moral habit-formation by repetition. He writes: Skill (habitus) is a faculty of action and a subjective perfection of ch... ...ichard McKeon. New York: Random House, 1941. —— Poetics. The Basic Works of Aristotle. trans. Ingram Bywater. ed. and introd. Richard McKeon. New York: Random House, 1941. —— Politics. The Basic Works of Aristotle. trans. Benjamin Jowett. ed. and introd. Richard McKeon. New York: Random House, 1941. Kant, Immanuel. The Critique of Practical Reason. trans. Lewis White Beck. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1983 —— Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Ethical Philosophy. trans. James W. Ellington. introd. Warner A. Wick. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1983. —— The Metaphysical Principles of Virtue. Ethical Philosophy. trans. James W. Ellington. introd. Warner A. Wick. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1983. Plato. Republic. The Dialogues of Plato. vol. I. trans Benjamin Jowett. introd. Raphael Demos. New York: Random House, 1937.

Potential For Water Supply Essay

According to the International Water Management Institute environmental research organisation global water stress is increasing, and a third of all people face some sort of water scarcity. Where demand exceeds supply and no effective management operates, there will be conflicts between the various players involved. In addition, global climate change will exacerbate these challenges faced by countries and populations. Shifting precipitation patterns threaten to reduce water availability in some regions while inflicting stronger storms on others, increasing both potential droughts and floods. This may increase the frequency of more serious conflicts and result in ‘water wars’. Meeting the world’s growing water needs will require far more effective use of available resources. By combining appropriate technology, strategic management and involving all the players water conflicts can be avoided. The Nile river exemplifies an International dispute with the source of the conflict being the water supply. Egypt who have a historical right to The Nile are highly dependent on its waters, which are required for agricultural purposes with the waters being a necessity to irrigate the arable land. Many countries in the Nile basin depend heavily on the Nile, with Egypt depending on the Nile for 97% of its renewable water resource. Consequently, The Nile is essential to the food and water security in all of the countries that lie within the Nile river basin. With so many countries being reliant on one single water source it is no surprise that this water supply has increased tensions in the area and that there is a huge potential for it to cause conflict. Ethiopia’s tributaries supply roughly 86% of the Nile however as a result of the Entebbe Agreement Ethiopia and other upstream countries have begun to divert water for new dam projects that would provide hydro-electric power and irrigation networks. These developments upstream have led to threats from Egypt, who are extremely protective over their decreasing share of the Niles water supply. However in order to secure their  supply they must engage in peaceful negotiations as violence would only jeapordise their share of the supply. Thus the potential for water conflict is there as tensions continue to increase between upstream and downstream nations, and perhaps overtime as the downstream nations share of the supply is further squeezed, these tensions are likely to result in conflict. Conflict can also occur within a country, for example the states situated within the Colorado river basin have been constantly squabbling over who owns the water supply and who should be allocated the most water. In the 1920s the ‘Law of the River’ established the division of water amongst the upper basin states, it also defined their responsibility to supply water to the lower basin states. This division had been based on an estimated annual flow of 21 billion m3/yr in 1920, however this was a time of above normal flows, recent studies have indicated that long term average flows are around 18 billion m3/yr. The deficit between the flow and the allocation has become more apparent as the population in the clorado basin states continues to rise. As a result of this deficit tensions are rising between the states, California receives a large percentage of the water as a result of its large population and political power even though the river does not directly flow through it. This has heightened tensions with the states who are experiencing severe water shortages who actually have a grater claim to the river than California. Although the city dwellers may be losing out as they are having to share their water with other states, farmers are profiting as they claimed the land first and thus the majority of water, 80%, lies with them. The Colorado river has not only caused internal disputes but also international disputes, causing there to be the potential for conflict with Mexico. The reason being that the Colorado river is that the basin states are so dependent on the water that the river supplies that it no longer reaches the sea, 90% of the water has been extracted before it reaches Mexico. The delta has decreased in size as a result of the extraction and the large dams put in place along the river such as the Hoover Dam. This did increase political tensions between the two nations and there was a strong potential for the supply of the Colorado river to become a source of  Conflict between the two countries, however in 2012 an amendment was made to the ‘Law of the River’ entitled ‘Minute 319’ which gave Mexico a grater allocation of the water supply. This is an example of how there can be a potential for conflict yet an agreement can be reached to prevent it. Nonetheless there is still a potential for new disputes among the Colorado river, this is less likely to occur internationally on the US-Mexico border as a result of the recent amendment, however at the artificial border drawn at Lees Ferry, between the upper and lower basin states. Aside from the strain put on the supply by a growing population, the upper basin has a small surplus that it is using to develop its economy. However at the same time water shortages in the lower basin could limit the potential for economic growth in the lower basin and thus their remains a potential for the water supply to cause conflict in the future.

Gramscian Hegemony and Its Transformation Framing the Transformation of Hegemony of Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist in Victorian Era

Nadhira Novembrina be equated with the predominance of hegemony everywhere coercion as the fundamental musical mode of bourgeois power in forward-looking capitalism. Since hegemony pertains to civil gild, and civil society prevails everywhere the State, it is the cultural ascendancy of the ruling set that essentially ensures the stability of the capitalist value. For in Gramscis usage here, hegemony means the ideological subordination of the working distinguish by the bourgeoisie, which enables it to rule by consent. Anderson, 1976a, pp 26 macrocosmThe aim of this typography is to explain and treasure the relevance of Gramscian hegemony and its transformation toward Charles dickenss Oliver Twist. The focus of this analysis is the assignation title-holder character Oliver Twist, in relation with his society. This fable written in nineteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate which manifest the era of Victorian put class struggle in order to gain recognition as a higher social class than the (working class) humble class. Therefore I would like to business on middle class society in the era of Victorian in nineteenth century and also how two put Oliver from one social locality to another.This analysis is more matched with the kinetics of ideology in civil society. This bracing has been analyzed many sequences oddly using Marxist approach, however it is nevertheless worthwhile to dig deep the genuineness or perk this work differently by using the same approach. Mandy Macklin (2009) lot Oliver Twist is both reject and funding the class system as she use Marxism in analyze it. It is acceptable if we see it that way as the brisk get word more about class system. Since this novel rejects but at the same time support the class system it is evoke to learn further in what class Oliver Twist is more dominant and which positioning that Dickens stand in beholding the existence of class system.Here, I concern that the ideological hegemony plays a b ig fictitious character in the way Dickens trace the class system in his plotting. This writing centered on how Dickens laid Oliver as a civilian from get off society class and end up as higher class.